Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook PDF (2020)

Chapter 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook Be sure you have the Experimental Design worksheet ready for later! You can find it on Canvas with today’s slides. Welcome back!  The UM Chapter of the...

Chapter 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook Be sure you have the Experimental Design worksheet ready for later! You can find it on Canvas with today’s slides. Welcome back!  The UM Chapter of the National Honor Society in Neuroscience (Nu Rho Psi) will be starting our Fall 2024 Recruitment next week! Nu Rho Psi F24 We are the only nationally Interest form! recognized honor society in the area of brain research. Our chapter has a network of over 200 current students and alumni of interdisciplinary backgrounds committed to advancing the field of neuroscience. As a member, students gain access to professional development opportunities, contemporary findings in the field, and the opportunity to attend the annual Society for Neuroscience meeting (the largest neuroscience conference in the world). If you are interested in joining, we welcome you to attend our informational sessions! Please email [email protected] or [email protected] with any questions. In the textbook: Learning objectives for each section, which can be very helpful for studying Important or new terms are in bold in the text, with definitions in the margins Visual summaries at the end of the chapter The 10th edition introduces a new "self-review" section after each informational segment This serves as a useful tool for you to assess your understanding of the material  1 Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook What is Behavioral Neuroscience? Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior Experimental Design Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain Chapter 1 introduces specialized disciplines that contribute to behavioral neuroscience  Figure 1.1 Your Brain by the Numbers Figure 1.1 Your Brain by the Numbers The cerebral cortex is the outermost portion of the brain. (© Dwayne Godwin, 2011.) What Is Behavioral Neuroscience? __________________ is the study of the nervous system. __________________ is the study of biological bases of psychological processes and behavior. Figure 1.2 What’s in a Name? Five Viewpoints (or Research Perspectives) Explore the Biology of Behavior 1. Describing behavior 2. Studying the biological mechanisms of behavior 3. Observing the development of behavior over a single life-span 4. Studying the evolution of behavior over many life- spans 5. Studying applications of neuroscience – for example, its application to dysfunctions of human behaviors Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 1. Describing behavior: we need to describe what we want to study if we’re going to accomplish anything Behavior can be described in terms of different criteria, like: acts or processes in terms of results or functions Example: Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 2. Studying biological mechanisms of behavior Biological mechanisms underlie all behavior Neuronal activity is studied to understand the mechanisms the nervous system contributes to behavior Example: Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 3. Observing the development of behavior over a single life span __________________ is the process by which an individual changes throughout its life-span Behaviors that change over the life-span are studied to learn about functions and mechanisms Example: Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 4. Studying the evolution of behavior over many life-spans Species can be compared to study evolution of brain and behavior: Continuity of behavior and biological processes because of common ancestry Differences in behavior and biology that have evolved as adaptations A trait that is passed on from a common ancestor is conserved Similar appearances can also come from similar solutions that have evolved independently in species that do not have a common ancestry Example: Box 1.1 We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior 5. Studying applications of neuroscience Research can be applied to humans, especially in diseases of the brain Example: TABLE 1.1 Five Research Perspectives Applied to Three Kinds of Behavior TABLE 1.1 Five Research Perspectives Applied to Three Kinds of Behavior 1 1. Which research perspective does the following question fall into? 2 3 ! How does learning and memory change as we get older? 4 (Select the number to the left that 5 matches with your answer.) TABLE 1.1 Five Research Perspectives Applied to Three Kinds of Behavior 2. Which research perspective 1 does the following question fall into? 2 ! What brain regions are involved 3 in language? 4 (Select the number to the left that 5 matches with your answer.) TABLE 1.1 Five Research Perspectives Applied to Three Kinds of Behavior 1 Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook What is Behavioral Neuroscience? Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior Experimental Design Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior: Somatic intervention, behavioral intervention, correlation Somatic intervention: Alteration of a structure or function within the brain, see how behavior is altered. ! Change the brain, check behavior The _______________ variable is the factor that is being manipulated. The _______________ variable is what is measured in response to changes in the independent variable. Figure 1.3 Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of Behavior (Part 1) Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior Behavioral intervention: Intervention in a behavior, see how structure or function is altered. ! ______________________________________ Behavior is then the ___________ variable, and changes in brain are ___________ variables. Figure 1.3 Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of Behavior (Part 2)  Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior Correlation examines how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure If one measure goes up and the other goes down, there is a negative correlation If both measures increase or decrease together, there is a positive correlation REMEMBER! Correlation does not equal causation. ^^^what do we mean by that?  Figure 1.3 Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of Behavior (Part 3) (C) Measurements of both kinds of variables allow researchers to arrive at correlations between somatic changes and behavioral changes.  Figure 1.3 Three Main Approaches to Studying the Neuroscience of Behavior (Part 4) (D) Each approach enriches and informs the others. Experimental Design A control group: A within-subjects experiment: A between-subjects experiment: More on Experimental Design Experimental versus non-experimental research Experimental: Non-experimental: More on Experimental Design Types of non-experimental research Correlational: observe relationships, make predictions Survey/Poll (descriptive): observe and describe attitudes, opinions, behaviors (can be self-observation) Case Study: in-depth study of one case (individual or group) Longitudinal Research: observe same subjects over a long period of time Historical/Archival: examine existing data to test hypothesis Naturalistic Observation: observing behavior in real-world setting Experimental Design Worksheet Grab a partner! Get a worksheet! These are available on Canvas in the Week 1 Module  1 Behavioral Neuroscience: Scope and Outlook What is Behavioral Neuroscience? Five Viewpoints Explore the Biology of Behavior Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior Experimental Design Neuroplasticity: Behavior Can Change the Brain Chapter 1 introduces specialized disciplines that contribute to behavioral neuroscience Neuroplasticity: Behavior (or Experience) Can Change the Brain Neuroplasticity, or neural plasticity, describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience WHEN DOES THIS HAPPEN? Neuroplasticity: Behavior (or Experience) Can Change the Brain Example: In rats, social isolation can result in brain changes Figure 1.4 The Role of Play in Brain Development Neuroplasticity: Behavior (or Experience) Can Change the Brain In humans, psychological expectation can affect the magnitude of a response. A brain region involved with processing emotion (including pain) in humans, the cingulate cortex, is affected by the expectation of stimulus intensity (e.g., subjects led to believe that hot water was very hot)  Figure 1.5 Pictures of Pain People told to expect only mild discomfort from putting a hand into 47°C water (left) showed less activation in a particular brain region (the anterior cingulate cortex) than did people expecting more discomfort (right) from water of the very same temperature. Areas of high activation are indicated by orange, red, and white. (From Rainville et al., 1997, courtesy of Dr. Pierre Rainville.) Next up: Tuesday, Sept. 3: Chapter 2, Functional Neuroanatomy