Applications of Artificial Intelligence PDF

UNIT 5 APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STUDY GOALS On completion of this unit, you will have learned … – how artificial intelligence techniques will aid the coming mobility revolution. – about the ways the medicine and health care sectors can benefit from artificial intelli- gence....

UNIT 5 APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STUDY GOALS On completion of this unit, you will have learned … – how artificial intelligence techniques will aid the coming mobility revolution. – about the ways the medicine and health care sectors can benefit from artificial intelli- gence. – to distinguish between the multitude of ways artificial intelligence is used to support current financial processes as well as enable entirely new business models in the finan- cial sector. – how artificial intelligence is employed in retail to automize workflows, optimize supply chains, and help in tailoring services to customers.  5. APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Introduction While artificial intelligence as a scientific discipline is related to developments in other sci- entific disciplines, it is not solely a subject of academic interest. In order to demonstrate the broad impact that artificial intelligence has on the economy and society as a whole, this unit is dedicated to applications of artificial intelligence. We will start with a focus on mobility, followed by medicine, banking and financial services, and the retail sector. 5.1 Mobility and Autonomous Vehicles By mobility, we mean how people and their cargo move from point A to point B, now and in the future. This section therefore focuses on the role of artificial intelligence in future and emerging mobility trends: car and ridesharing and the general trend away from vehicle ownership the development of autonomous vehicles equipped with sensing devices to support driverless mobility advances in networking between different modes of transport, such as trains, trolleys, and busses, creating a seamless journey spanning multiple modalities Economic and social forces, combined with developments in artificial intelligence and engineering, are bringing about rapid changes in mobility, making it faster, less expensive, safer, and more efficient (Khamis, 2021). In the future, mobility is likely to evolve further to become more personalized, interconnected and sustainable. This visionary, but at the Smart mobility same time feasible concept of mobility is referred to as smart mobility. There are two This is a networked form views of how the revolution in mobility is likely to continue. One view is that change will of mobility that uses data and artificial intelligence come gradually; an opposing view is that it will disrupt everything very quickly. The argu- to connect different trans- ment in favor of gradualism is that industry prefers to keep current assets deployed until port modalities. It they are fully depreciated while also experimenting and testing new technologies. This includes vehicle sharing and autonomous, self- policy is already visible in the market for new automobiles (Sjafrie, 2019). New automo- driving vehicles. biles are fitted with self-driving technology without altering the driver-car relationship that has existed for more than one hundred years. Many of the self-driving technologies that are already built into more technologically advanced automobiles have already been trialed and tested, although the self-driving mode is still restricted to well-defined set- tings. For intermodal mobility, i.e., travel requiring two or more modes of transport per trip such as bus and train, the mobility ecosystem support has to be much more sophisticated than what it once was. New ventures are currently emerging, with new services, solutions, and 74 products to enable multiple modes of mobility. The goal is for mobility to be seamlessly integrated and dependable, and for it to be more sustainable and efficient than is cur- rently still the case with individual automobiles (Khamis, 2021). Importance of Extended Mobility The nature of mobility affects national and global economies in far-reaching ways. Just consider the impact of autonomous driving technology on the automotive industry. Fully automated vehicles can operate in a 24/7 mode. Combined with a shared approach to vehicle usage, this means that consumer mobility needs will be able to be satisfied with far viewer automobiles. As a result, automobile ownership is likely to become less and less attractive, leading to a considerable decline in car sales. Car rentals, truck rentals, taxis, and parking garages will, therefore, likely face disruptions. Compared to cars built with internal combustion engines, electric cars require one-fifth of the parts and are thus much easier to manufacture and maintain (Woolsey, 2018). The word “parts” refers to pre- assembled components, a major component being transmissions, which electric cars do not have as electric motors deliver enough torque to each wheel. Autonomous driving aims to reduce accidents and injuries, which will have a positive effect on hospital emergency room capacity needs and insurance rates (see Sjafrie, 2019 and Găiceanu, 2021for an analysis of various statistics). In the United States, infrastructure projects like road maintenance and bridge repairs are financed by a fuel tax applied to each gallon (3.79 l) of gasoline purchased at the retail level. Taxes are applied at both the state and federal levels, and all funds are placed and administered in public trusts. Differ- ent but similar public infrastructure financing schemes apply in other countries. With fewer cars using gasoline, this form of taxation will change. With fewer cars being owned by individuals, licensing fee structures are also likely to change in the future. Other Mobility Considerations New mobility solutions may range from non-owner pods in predominantly urban areas to customized, personally owned, personally driven automobiles with self-driving ability (Sjafrie, 2019). The transition between personally owned means of transportation, such as cars or bicycles, and public transportation will be seamless. New car features represent new selling opportunities, including advertising and entertainment content. They enable in-vehicle services like navigation and data analytics about the vehicle, its owner, and its drivers, irrespective of whether the owner is a person or a leasing company (Khamis, 2021). While many of these features are in current usage, there is always room for improvement and for new, innovative offerings. Commercial product and service provid- ers will strive to make mobility safe, pleasant, and cost-effective. On the other hand, too many distractions and too much complexity created by the new mobility ecosystem could over time prove to be too demanding for both the average driver and his or her passen- gers. In the past, our mobility ecosystem was only composed of a transport infrastructure, including roads, airports, train stations, and bridges, with their corresponding traffic rules. Nowadays, our mobility systems include yet another component—data. The amount and the variety of available data will increase drastically in the next years. A wide range of traf- 75  fic-related analyses can be performed based on this data. For example, communication signals between vehicles relative to their surroundings provide a rich setting for machine learning. The Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Automobiles The automobile industry is teaching autonomous vehicles to drive prior to having been granted permission for their independent use on public roads. Mechanically, some aspects of self-driving, such as acceleration, breaking, and steering have been possible for some time. However, the ability of artificial intelligence (the “brain”) to connect all the different variables in order to make timely practical decisions is new. Many automobile companies, part suppliers, and automotive start-ups are developing self-driving automobiles. To ach- ieve the required capabilities, a broad collection of technologies is employed (Khamis, 2021); among them are radar, high resolution cameras, GPS, and cloud services. Tesla, the prime example of a relatively new challenger in the automotive space, offers convenience services to drivers, especially in conjunction with their personal smart- phones, as well as services such as artificial intelligence-based predictive vehicle mainte- nance. Many cars that are commercially available today feature pre-self-driving capabili- ties, such as forward collision alerts, front pedestrian alerts, and automatic braking at a speed of