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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the relationship between a part and the whole of which it is a part?
What is the term for the relationship between a part and the whole of which it is a part?
What is the term for the word that represents the larger entity?
What is the term for the word that represents the larger entity?
What type of synonymy deals with the synonymy between individual lexemes?
What type of synonymy deals with the synonymy between individual lexemes?
What is the term for the lexical relation dealing with the sameness of meaning?
What is the term for the lexical relation dealing with the sameness of meaning?
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What type of synonymy views meaning identity as not a binary property but a gradable one?
What type of synonymy views meaning identity as not a binary property but a gradable one?
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What is the term for the situation in which two words share all their senses?
What is the term for the situation in which two words share all their senses?
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What is the term for words that have different pronunciations but the same spelling?
What is the term for words that have different pronunciations but the same spelling?
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What is the phenomenon where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses?
What is the phenomenon where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses?
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What is the term for a single phonological form possessing unrelated meanings?
What is the term for a single phonological form possessing unrelated meanings?
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What is the term for words that sound alike but have different meanings and often different spellings?
What is the term for words that sound alike but have different meanings and often different spellings?
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What is the property of having only one meaning, with no ambiguity in a word?
What is the property of having only one meaning, with no ambiguity in a word?
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What is the term for words that have different meanings but the same pronunciation and spelling?
What is the term for words that have different meanings but the same pronunciation and spelling?
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What is the lexical relation that deals with the opposition of meaning?
What is the lexical relation that deals with the opposition of meaning?
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What type of antonyms do not admit a midpoint, exhibiting an either-or relationship between the pairs?
What type of antonyms do not admit a midpoint, exhibiting an either-or relationship between the pairs?
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What is the language whose meanings we are describing?
What is the language whose meanings we are describing?
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What is the term for the co-occurrence patterns of words or phrases within a language?
What is the term for the co-occurrence patterns of words or phrases within a language?
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What is an example of an autoantonymous word?
What is an example of an autoantonymous word?
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What is the language in which we describe the meanings of the object language?
What is the language in which we describe the meanings of the object language?
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Study Notes
Holonymy
- Refers to the relationship between a part and the whole of which it is a part
- A holonym is a word that represents the larger entity
- Example: In the pair "tree - branches," "tree" is the holonym, and "branches" are the meronyms
Synonymy
- Refers to the lexical relation dealing with the sameness of meaning
- Also called Meaning Identity
- Three categories of synonymy: • Lexical Synonymy: deals with the synonymy between individual lexemes (e.g., "drink" and "beverage") • Phrasal Synonymy: deals with the synonymy between phrases (e.g., "Take a seat" and "Be seated") • Sense Synonymy: deals with the synonymy between the senses of a word (e.g., "pupil" and "student" are synonymous in one sense, but not in another)
Homonymy
- Refers to linguistic phenomena involving the relationships between words and their meanings
- A situation where a single phonological form possesses unrelated meanings
- Example: [weIv] - verb → spelt as wave or waive (depending on the meaning)
- Two types of homonymy: • Homographs: two words that have different pronunciations but the same spelling (e.g., Bow (noun) / Bow (verb)) • Homophones: words that sound alike but have different meanings and often different spellings (e.g., "to," "too," and "two")
Polysemy
- Refers to the phenomenon where a single word has multiple related meanings or senses
- These senses are often connected by metaphorical or analogical extensions of the word's original meaning
- Example: The word "chair" refers to an item of furniture, but also means ‘professorship’ and ‘head of a committee’
Monosemy
- Refers to the property of having only one meaning
- The absence of ambiguity in a word
- Example: The word "apple" is monosemous because it has only one commonly understood meaning
Antonymy
- Refers to the lexical relation dealing with the opposition of meaning
- Two categories of antonyms: • Non-Gradable Antonyms: antonyms that do not admit a midpoint, exhibiting an either-or relationship between the pairs (e.g., "dead" and "alive") • Gradable Antonyms: antonyms that are opposite ends of the spectrum with a midpoint between them (e.g., "high" and "low")
Metalanguage and Object Language
- Object Language: the language whose meanings we are describing
- Metalanguage: the language in which we describe these meanings
- Example: Dirk è alto, ma Lou è basso (in Italian language) → "Dirk is tall, but Lou is short" (in English language)
Collocation
- Refers to the co-occurrence patterns of words or phrases within a language, specifically in relation to their semantic compatibility
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Description
Test your understanding of linguistic relationships, specifically meronymy and holonymy, which describe the relationships between parts and wholes. Identify the correct holonyms and meronyms in given examples.
