please summarize the following using bullet points: Motor Tonic: stiffening of body muscles with falling; loss of consciousness; can occur in sleep; more common in infants and chil... please summarize the following using bullet points: Motor Tonic: stiffening of body muscles with falling; loss of consciousness; can occur in sleep; more common in infants and children Atonic: sudden, brief loss of muscle tone with falling (drop attacks); usually no loss of consciousness Myoclonic: sudden brief shock-like jerks or twitches of the arms and/or legs; may drop things; no impairment of consciousness; frequently occurs shortly after awakening Tonic-clonic: Abrupt loss of consciousness, body stiffening (tonic) and then shaking (clonic); may begin with sudden cry, sometimes loss of bladder control, or biting of tongue; usually lasts ~2 min, followed by a period of confusion, agitation, and fatigue; headaches and soreness are common afterward Hyperkinetic: bimanual or bipedal motor activity such as kicking and thrashing, clapping and rubbing of both hands, hugging, sometimes with sexual automatisms and autonomic changes with or without preserved awareness Nonmotor Sensory: numbness, tingling or burning sensation, flashing lights, auditory experiences Cognitive: aphasia, hallucination, memory or attention impairment Emotional or affective: fear, agitation, anger, crying, laughing, paranoia Autonomic: blushing, pallor, increased or decreased heart rate, hyperventilation or hypoventilation, nausea Without loss of awareness Recall, responsiveness, and consciousness are intact Impaired awareness (also known as complex focal seizure) Loss of consciousness or awareness; vague or dream-like state Unknown Unable to determine awareness or onset Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure Begins in one part of brain (focal seizure) and spreads to both sides of brain followed by generalized tonic-clonic seizure; loss of consciousness Generalized seizures Seizures originating in both sides of the brain simultaneously with loss of consciousness: Motor: tonic-clonic, tonic, atonic, clonic, myoclonic, myoclonic-atonic, clonic-tonic-clonic (see above descriptions); Nonmotor (absence seizures): typical, atypical myoclonic, eyelid myoclonia Epileptic spasms (formerly known as infantile spasms) Episodes of sudden flexion or extension involving neck, trunk, and extremities; clinical manifestations range from subtle head nods to violent body contractions (jackknife seizures); onset between 3 and 12 months of age; may occur after infancy, may be idiopathic, genetic, result of metabolic disease, or in response to CNS insult; spasms occur in clusters of 5-150 times per day; EEG shows large-amplitude, chaotic, and disorganized pattern called “hypsarrhythmia” EPILEPSY SEIZURE TYPES Focal, generalized, combined focal and generalized, unknown Epilepsy Syndromes (examples) Childhood absence epilepsy syndrome Wide variety of abnormal activity occurring many times a day, including rhythmic eye movements, a blank stare with lack of awareness, rhythmic chewing, swimming movements; episodes last 10-20 s and end suddenly followed by normal activity. Child may not be aware seizure activity occurred. Seizures develop between 4 and 8 years of age and may disappear during adolescence. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Epileptic syndrome with onset in early childhood, 1-5 years of age; includes various generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, atonic [drop attacks], akinetic, absence, and myoclonic); EEG has characteristic “slow spike and wave” pattern; results in intellectual disability and delayed psychomotor developments Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Generalized epilepsy syndrome with onset in adolescence; multifocal myoclonus; seizures often occur early in morning, aggravated by lack of sleep or after excessive alcohol intake; occasional generalized convulsions; requires long-term medication treatment Unclassified epileptic seizures Etiology remains unknown; seizures do not have distinct clinical and EEG features Pseudoseizures Nonepileptic phenomena that look like epileptic seizures; diagnosis often requires video-EEG monitoring to capture spells, and determine that EEG is normal during clinical events; frequently occurs in setting of child abuse Status Epilepticus A condition resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (more than 5 min). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. Read more