PARASYMPATHETIC: ACETYLCHOLINE IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER. TWO CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: NICOTINIC LOCATED IN GANGLIA OF BOTH SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS EFFECTS SKELETAL MUS... PARASYMPATHETIC: ACETYLCHOLINE IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER. TWO CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS: NICOTINIC LOCATED IN GANGLIA OF BOTH SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS EFFECTS SKELETAL MUSCLE. MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR LOCATED IN POST-SYNAPTIC EFFECTOR ORGANS (SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES, GLANDS) STIMULATE SMOOTH MUSCLE AND SLOW HEART RATE. CHOLINERGIC DRUGS (AGONISTS) DIRECT ACTING -> WORKING DIRECTLY ON THE RECEPTOR: STIMULATE POST-SYNAPTIC NERVE CELL RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE OF THE RECEPTOR SITE INDIRECT ACTING -> NEED SOME TYPE OF HELP INHIBIT ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE BREAKS DOWN ACETYLCHOLINE. CHOLINERGIC STIMULATION (REST AND DIGEST) GI AND URINARY: INCREASE GASTRIC SECRETIONS, MOTILITY, URINARY FREQUENCY. MIOSIS: CONSTRICTION OF PUPIL, DECREASED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE. (GOOD FOR GLAUCOMA PATIENTS). CARDIOVASCULAR: DECREASED HEART RATE, VASODILATION (BP DECREASES). LUNGS: INCREASED SECRETION (COUGHING, SPUTUM BUILD UP) AND RESTRICTION (SOB, CANT BREATH, WHEEZING). SKELETAL: INCREASED CONTRACTION (NICOTINIC).
Understand the Problem
The text provides detailed information about the parasympathetic nervous system, focusing on acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter, the types of cholinergic receptors, and the effects of cholinergic drugs. It highlights the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, as well as the physiological effects of cholinergic stimulation on various body systems.
Answer
Acetylcholine affects the parasympathetic system via nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine affects the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to cholinergic receptors, which include nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are located in autonomic ganglia, while muscarinic receptors are found in post-synaptic effector organs.
Answer for screen readers
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine affects the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to cholinergic receptors, which include nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are located in autonomic ganglia, while muscarinic receptors are found in post-synaptic effector organs.
More Information
The autonomic nervous system's response to acetylcholine involves different receptor types, affecting organs and systems differently. Muscarinic receptors primarily engage post-synaptic actions in smooth and cardiac muscles.
Tips
Students often confuse the locations and specific roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, assuming they are interchangeable, but they act in different locations and have distinct effects.
Sources
- Physiology, Acetylcholine - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Cholinergic Drugs I - Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors - chem.libretexts.org
AI-generated content may contain errors. Please verify critical information
