I understand what transcription factors are, and can identify examples of environmental or chemical conditions like thalidomide and heavy metals. I understand and can match the gra... I understand what transcription factors are, and can identify examples of environmental or chemical conditions like thalidomide and heavy metals. I understand and can match the graphs of stressors (hormetic stress, dose dependent, and dose independent). I know what the 4 types of tissues are, and the hierarchy of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems. I understand how twin studies quantify heritability by 'controlling' for environmental factors. I can use descriptors of anatomy like anterior, proximal, superior and can label the anatomy of a neuron (cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon). I can compare and contrast the central and peripheral nervous systems in terms of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function). I understand how nerves come from the spine and innervate specific regions of the body giving rise to phenomena like shingles in dermatomes and referred pain. I can state the benefits and drawbacks of various medical imaging technologies including; X-rays, ultrasound, CAT/CT scans, endoscopy, MRI, and fMRI. I know what the processes the digestive system carries out from ingestion to egestion. I know the 4 types of macromolecules and their building blocks (monomers). Functions, caloric density, Subtypes (simple/complex carbs, fibre, saturated/unsaturated/polyunsaturated). I know how the length and saturation of fatty acid chains affect physical properties like melting point via London dispersion forces. I know what 'essential' means in dietary context and know all nutrients that would be considered essential. I know the difference between water soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and the bodies’ ability to store them. I know what a blastopore is and its significance as an evolutionary marker in deuterostomes and protostomes. I where mechanical and chemical breakdown of food occurs. I know what enzymes are, how they are named and how they function. I know the anatomy and processes of alimentary canal; mouth, taste, teeth (grinding vs tearing), esophagus (peristalsis), stomach (pyloric and esophageal sphincters, hydrochloric acid, pepsin), small intestine (3 sections, villi, microvilli) large intestine (4 sections, gut brain axis, know the issue of C. diff). I know the function of the excretory system (renal system) and the digestive accessory organs; Pancreas, Liver and gall bladder, and I know what it means to emulsify. I know the difference between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system, their function and structural components. I know what chelated means and its implications. I know the components of blood and their differences in structure and function; Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes. I know the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries and can label major vessels like the aorta and vena cava’s on a heart diagram. I know how to overcome the low pressure in the veins to bring blood back to the heart. I can label a heart; right and left (systemic vs pulmonary), atria, ventricles, valves (all names), septum, pericardium, SA/AV nodes, bundle of his, purkinje fibers, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles. I know how a heart beat is created, why there are two pacemaker nodes and the purpose of the bundle of his/purkinje fibers. I know what makes the heart sounds 'lub' 'dub', and the difference between systole and diastole. I know how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract/relax for breathing. I know how gases move from high pressure to low pressure and the relationship between pressure and volume. I know how the rate of breathing is controlled in medulla oblongata via CO2 in the blood. I know the structures of the respiratory system; nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, Alveoli (site of gas exchange). I know the function of ciliated cells and cartilaginous rings. Read more