Here are the definitions and what the person or thing did, each in one sentence: 1. Scientific Revolution – A period of major advancements in science (16th-18th centuries) that tra... Here are the definitions and what the person or thing did, each in one sentence: 1. Scientific Revolution – A period of major advancements in science (16th-18th centuries) that transformed views of the natural world. 2. Kuhn Cycle – A model of scientific progress involving periods of normal science, crises, and paradigm shifts, described by Thomas Kuhn. 3. Paradigm/Paradigm Shift – A set of accepted theories and practices in science, and a shift occurs when a new framework replaces the old one. 4. Geocentrism – The belief that Earth is the center of the universe, a model supported by Ptolemy and widely accepted until Copernicus. 5. Earthly vs. Celestial Objects – In early astronomy, Earthly objects were considered imperfect and changing, while celestial bodies were seen as perfect and unchanging. 6. Divine Ether – A mystical substance believed by ancient philosophers to fill the heavens and form the stars and planets. 7. Copernicus – A Renaissance astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the universe. 8. Heliocentrism – The theory that the Sun is at the center of the universe, first proposed by Copernicus. 9. Johannes Kepler – An astronomer who discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits, refining the heliocentric model. 10. Galileo – A scientist who used telescopic observations to support heliocentrism and was condemned for heresy by the Catholic Church. 11. Heresy – A belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine, especially in Christianity. 12. Descartes/Bacon – Philosophers who developed scientific methods; Descartes favored deduction and Bacon favored induction. 13. Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning – Inductive reasoning draws general conclusions from specific cases, while deductive reasoning applies general principles to specific cases. 14. Scientific Rationalism – The belief that the universe is governed by logical laws and can be understood through reason and observation. 15. Newton – An influential physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. 16. Gravity – The force that attracts objects toward one another, explained by Newton as the force that governs planetary motion. 17. Nebulae – Clouds of gas and dust in space, often sites of star formation, whose nature was debated in early astronomy. 18. Andreas Vesalius – A Renaissance anatomist who challenged traditional medical knowledge by conducting detailed human dissections. 19. Blaise Pascal – A mathematician and physicist known for his contributions to probability theory and his philosophical work on faith and reason. 20. Robert Boyle – A chemist who helped establish the scientific method and is considered one of the founders of modern chemistry. 21. Laura Bassi – An 18th-century Italian physicist and the first woman to earn a professorship in physics at a university. 22. Maria Gaetana Agnesi – An Italian mathematician known for her work on calculus and her textbook 'Instituzioni Analitiche.' 23. Caroline Lucretia Herschel – An astronomer who discovered several comets and collaborated with her brother William Herschel. Enlightenment Beliefs – A movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights as paths to progress. Philosophes – Enlightenment thinkers who advocated for reason, secularism, and reforms in society. Diderot – A philosopher who co-created the Encyclopedia, aiming to compile and spread Enlightenment knowledge. Encyclopedia – A monumental work that aimed to gather all human knowledge and promote Enlightenment ideals. Voltaire – A philosopher and writer who championed freedom of speech and criticized religious and political oppression. Adam Smith – An economist who developed the idea of free-market capitalism and the 'invisible hand' guiding economies. Locke – A philosopher who argued for natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property, and influenced liberal political thought. Natural Rights – Rights inherent to all humans, which Enlightenment thinkers believed should be protected by governments. Hobbes – A philosopher who argued that people are naturally selfish and need a strong authority to maintain social order. Social Contract – The idea that individuals consent to give up some freedoms in exchange for the protection and order provided by government. Rousseau – A philosopher who believed in the goodness of human nature and argued for direct democracy and the social contract. Montesquieu – A political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny. Voltaire – A writer and philosopher who critiqued the Church and state, advocating for tolerance and freedom. Separation of Powers – The division of government into branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent abuse of power. Women in the Enlightenment – Women who contributed to Enlightenment thought, often advocating for education and equality. Mary Wollstonecraft – A writer who argued for women's rights and education in her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.' Margaret Cavendish – A scientist and philosopher who criticized the limitations of scientific knowledge. Mary Astell – An early feminist who advocated for women's education and equality in marriage. State of Nature – A philosophical concept about human existence before the formation of societies or governments. Sinful Nature – The religious belief that humans are inherently sinful, influencing many thinkers' views on governance. Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate) – Locke's idea that humans are born without innate ideas, and knowledge comes from experience. Impact of the Enlightenment – The Enlightenment reshaped Western thought, leading to revolutions and reforms in politics, science, and education. Challenges to the Catholic Church – Enlightenment thinkers often criticized the Catholic Church's authority, leading to conflicts with religious institutions. Tyranny – The oppressive rule of a government or leader, against which many Enlightenment thinkers argued. Adam Smith – An economist who argued for free markets and is often considered the father of modern capitalism. Laissez-faire – An economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the marketplace. Read more