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The Refugee Problem

• The Radcliffe Boundary Award, announced on August 16, 1947, two days after partition, caused problems with refugees and killings due to people finding themselves in the "wrong country".
• Over 20 million people migrated from India to Pakistan in the worst of medical conditions, resulting in a serious issue of homelessness.

Canal Water Dispute Origin

• It arose during the partition of Punjab
• The Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers in Pakistan were controlled by Indian Punjab, causing issues over the Bari Doab Canal.
• India initially committed to not interfering, but it did on April 1, 1948.
• The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1948, but it was not officially settled until 1960.

Reasons for the Canal Water Dispute

• The Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers' headworks were in Indian Punjab, causing issues for Pakistan.
• India’s interference on April 1, 1948, threatened the Indus Plain and Pakistan's economy.
• Pakistan was heavily dependent on agriculture, and water was essential for economic growth
• The water supply disruptions would damage economic growth, potentially leading to famine due to agricultural issues and food import costs.
• Partition caused a huge wave of refugees that needed food and agricultural infrastructure

Refugee Crisis Of 1947

• Pre-partition, many parts of India witnessed Hindu-Muslim riots, with anti-muslims sentiments throughout the east Punjab regions.
• Hindus and Sikhs killed many Muslims, destroying villages, and disrespecting women.
• Local Indian authorities allegedly supported violent mobs.
• Muslims migrated to Pakistan due to brutality escaping the area.
• The boundary division was unjust, with Muslim-majority areas given to India, such as Gurdaspur and Ferozpur.
• India forcibly took over Junagarh due to the Hindu-majority area to join Pakistan, causing communal violence for the Muslims.
• Kashmir had a majority Muslim population but its hindu Ruler joined India, ensuing a fight with the people and India.
• Pakistan could not help the Kashmir Muslims, so they fled joining the the other refuges.
• Religious divisions caused migrations to Pakistan as Muslims sought to live in a Muslim country, managing to take some belongings.

Education Problems (1947-1988)

• Independent estimates in 1998 showed less than 30% of Pakistan's population is literate, with female literacy estimated at 14% nationally.
• Successive governments failed to make education the priority, because defense was more important.
• In 1960, Pakistan spent only 2% of its budget on education, increasing to 2.9% by 1990.
• State expenditure on education never rose above 3% of the budget, even after nationalization in the 1970s.
• Primary education was underfunded compared to secondary and higher education.
• In the 5-Year-Plan 1956, 56% of the budget was allocated to secondary education versus 18% for primary education.
• Improving the literacy rate was difficult: high rates of absenteeism and drop-outs.
• Over half of the students drop out of primary school within 5 years, with one-third of girls dropping out within a year.
• Education was expensive because children had to buy their own books and uniforms causing many top drop out at early age.
• Many private high schools which formed, emphasized the difference between the rich and the poor.
• Educational reforms were enforced over time; private schools and colleges were nationalized (1972), which had devastating effects

Division of Armed Forces Issue (1947)

• Pakistan had to establish a military force but did not, but lacked resources.
• Military asset division was ratio of 34:66.
• Pakistan had to start from scratch because India ended up with weapon factories.
• 16 weapon factories India had already obsoleted the equipment.
• The military equipment sent to put Pakistan in a disadvantage and the equipment that the Pakistan received was cheap, damaged and unusable.

Solving Partition Problems (1947-1948)

• The government of Pakistan was mostly successful to come being in August 1947.
• The establishment of the administration and Central Government was the difficulty the government had.
• Offices, equipment, and workers were unavailable initially, but the offices were set up in army barracks and residential buildings.
• Jinnah had to influence so this issues was resolved

The Refugee Problem (1947)

• The Radcliffe Boundary Award, announced on August 16, 1947, caused issues such as refuges and killings.
• Over 20 million people migrated from India to Pakistan because of the award.
• Jinnah and the government made a department for rehabilitation of the refuges.

Armed Forces Problem (1947)

• Creating a military force was impossible at the time, but Pakistan could not go to war with India.
• Military assets were split 34:66
• The military equipment Pakistani had was not suitable

The Canal Water Dispute (1948)

• The canal water dispute started due to the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej water supplies stopping on April.
• Agricultural parts of Lahore and Sindh were impacted greatly.
• Under help of 1960 Indus water treaty, the World Bank sorted some of thee issues.

Annexation of 3 princely states issues

• Junagarh was majority non-Muslim
• Hydrabad had problems accessing Pakistan
• Kashmir had problems joining with the India regime

Liaquat Ali Khan

• Liaqut Ali Khan was an important figure in the Pakistan Movement and was also an important political figure
• Pakistan's was the first Prime Minister in 1951.
• He studied at Aligarh and Oxford Universities.
• Sided Pakistan with capitalism and supported the USA throughout his ruling.
• He was against unrest and his life was disputed with a debated argument of the time but was followed off by khawaja Nazimuddin.

Khawaja Nazimuddin

• Pakistan known political and president figure of the east side.
• Was the second Prime Minister of Pakistan and was appointed in 1954.
• Malik Ghulam Muhammad was appointed to become Governor General.
• Stability was difficult for for his government and caused the Malik Ghulam Muhammad to declare emergency after he got ill.

Muhammad Ali Bogra

• Was a Bengali Politcian.
• The third Prime Minister of Pakistan.
• His economic status improved his relations with USA but did impact USSR.
• He made relations and was on good terms with India

Malik Ghulam

• Was a economic minister and served as the president role throughout his presidential rein.
• Over 5 year he created all the economic essentials throughout Pakistan and increased in economic support

Iskandar Ali Mirza

• President of Pakistan with his relative being Siraj Ud Duala.
• He introduced to 1956 constitution along with the on president with his relative being unit policy and ayub khan forced martial law on 1958.
• Ended up dying in Iran in 1969,

About PRODA

• Was like an act of like government official to get someone out from misconduct or in any matter,
• Complains were made to the Governor General and could get judge as a third part
• If anyone was proven false, the would get debared from the place they came from.
• this law was to removed corruption and was removed in 1956.

Objection Resolution 1949

• This helped make the new constitution come together.
• This made the standards for justice and democracy to to be in order which helps
• Everyones religions to to be equal.
• Humans right are all guaranteed This helped everyone in pakistan and east Pakistan didn't like it so it was voted to be urdu for the new language

New Consitution 1950

• East pakistan didn't agree because east Pakistan felt under representative
• Bengali wasn't allowed. Urdu, Bengali

Constitutional Crisis of 1954-55

• Malick persuades Bogra to limit the powers of Governor Generals. He was gone out the country at a. Time.
• Bogra went over but was under less impact.

One Unit Policy

• Muhammmd Ali Bogra proposed 4 providences and 10 prince groups for the west.
• On October5, 1955

1956 Constitution

• Approved by the 2 consitution assemly
• Isakander got rule
• Muslims and other got like unity and good to get together
• East and west has equal seats
• 1958 got taken down

How was Pakistan successful in establishing a constitution from 1947-1973

Objectives Resolution of 1949

• Paved the way towards a new constitution.
• Ensured Islamic principles such as justice and equality.
• Protected non-Muslims’ freedom of religion.
• Guaranteed all human rights and an independent judiciary.
• Blended modernism and Islam, but opposed by Ulemas for not being Islamic enough.

Basic Principles Committee Report of 1952

• Stated the Head of State should be Muslim.
• Appointed a committee of Islamic specialists to align legislation with Islamic Laws.
• Criticized for not settling the official language issue.
• Led to opposition from East Pakistan due to Urdu and unfair seat distribution.
• Political uncertainties delayed the new constitution until 1956.

Constitution of 1956

• Declared both Urdu and Bengali as National Languages.
• Included the Objectives Resolution, renamed Pakistan as Islamic Republic, and established a Federal Government.
• Set requirements for the President (Muslim, over 40, 5-year tenure).
• Prohibited laws contradicting the Quran and Ahadis.
• Established a Unicameral Legislature and a free Judicial System.
• Guaranteed full autonomy and human rights.
• Promised a parliamentary government but was criticized for not solving Pakistan’s political problems.

Constitution of 1962

• Increased the power of the ruling elite due to dominant landlords in the Basic Democracies elections.
• Required the President's approval for any law passed by the National Legislature.
• Recognized Bengali and Urdu as the 2 national languages.
• National Assembly sessions were to be held in both Dhaka and Islamabad.

Constitution of 1973

• Stated Pakistan was a Federal State
• Established two houses: the Senate and the Assembly.
• Stated the universal vote and no unfair vote and leader can be any religion.

Martial Law in 1958

• 1956 had approved the independent status in Pakistan
• With the islamic of Pakistan
• Due to changes like president changes the economy in Pakistan was all down hill.

1962 CONSITTUITON

• President all type of government with combining all aspects of government and people could impeach them.
• Could pass the new approval and have 2 more languages if they wanted

Basic Democratic System of Ayub Khan

• stated that the 4 tire systems in which elected would make a union

Green Revoltuion

• In the area of Ayub had agricultural issues
• Stating small form is useless and larger then 1000 is bad to harvest all farms

Regional cooperation

• Develop and make trade and industry good to go 7%

Democratic Act

• After the war ayub blamed bhutto.
• Policies had to improve and let all the places be free

Islamabad

• Karachi looked bad
• Moved to north beacuse in case of a time where marshall was needed to be deployed

Ayub resigned

• pakistan was in a loss
• The tashkent treaty did not really have anything

Ayub

• Many pressive acts. This united the 8 members of the committee who demanded election and lifting of Emergency powers.

Ayub Tenune

• Many reforms where introduced. This helped to break and show that no one is greater then another with big sizes in farms and no little.

Economic State

• foreign aid. As aresult pakistan economygrew 7% andproduction

Education

• Many refugee moved in and all got new placed into nice building.

Operation Search light

• to destroy west Pakistan in 1 months
• Led bengali
• Angered all bengaisl

Demand of 6 demands

• That all the troops are equal
• Easy adminstrate of government east has alrger population

creation of bangldesh in 1971

• east bad geoprphical.
• west has the same number of rep and under mind set

ali bhutto

• Iskander Mirza's Cabinet as Commerce Minister in 1958.
• left Ayub Khan's Cabinet over differences concerning the Tashkent Agreement.
• Launched the Pakistan People's Party

1993consitution

• Both president and pm

Security

• Assist as they said they were their private assasin

simla Agreement

• Bhutto sign act that his people ar free and no more India

Minorites Agreemnet

• Liaqut Ali Khan and Nehru did what they could but were still not doing nothing

Nationalization Policies

• Bhutto wanted to control Industrial output and raise the living standards of workers.
• Workers were allowed to form unions.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

• Bhutto called a General Election in 1977 and was confident of victory.

###Operation Fair

• 5 July, the army staged a coup, called Operation Fairplay, led by General Zia ul Haq and arrested all Political Leaders

1979 Reforms

• had the highest infant mortality rate and a very low life expectancy.
• health scheme in which sale of medicines

Zia ul Haq

• the army staged a coup, called Operation Fairplay, led by General Zia Ul Haq and arrested all Political Leaders

ohjri camp

• An army weapons dump exploded at the Ojhri Camp
• The spot was in between Rawalpindi and killed every one between

Afghan Miracle

• general zia support afgans and help them stay in their country

Movemnet restoration of democracy

• general did not want the act so every one went against his way

Sharia law

• Was introduced to consider the old laws with the bad ones

pakistan and usa in 1949

• us started this all after partition happened in 1947

PAKISTAN LEAVE IN 1974

• signed agreement against them
• they were not doing good them

pakistan is and was independent

• to be noticed in pakistan they wanted membership