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Questions and Answers

What is a communicable disease?

  • A disease that is caused by bacteria and is spread through contact with an infected person.
  • A disease that affects the respiratory system and is spread through the air.
  • An illness due to an infectious agent or its toxic products, which is transmitted to a person or animal directly or indirectly via of an intermediate animal host, vehicle (water, food, blood) or inanimate environment. (correct)

    • A patient is suffering from PTB. The nurse is asked by the patient why he had this kind of disease. The best response of the nurse is...

  • It’s a hereditary disease that have been passed to you by your parents.
  • It’s a communicable disease that you got from being exposed to another person who have PTB. (correct)
  • It’s a communicable disease that you got when you were hospitalized for a long time.
  • It’s an autoimmune disorder that your body developed.

    • Contagious disease is a disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person. Infectious disease are those disease not transmitted by ordinary contact but require a direct inoculation through a break in the previously intact skin or mucous membrane. Which of the following statements is true?

  • First statement is false, second statement is true.
  • Both statements are false
  • Both statements are true (correct)
  • First statement is true, second statement is false

    • What is a causative agent?

    <p>Microorganisms that are capable of causing an infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Virulence?

    <p>The ability of the causative agent to invade and multiply within the host. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of the causative agent to invade and multiply within the host?

    <p>Virulence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reservoir?

    <p>A place where infectious agents can survive and multiply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is likely to serve as a portal of exit for the causative agent?

    <p>Sweat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a portal of entry?

    <p>The way infectious agents enter the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is asking the nurse on ways how to prevent transmission of infection. What is the best response by the nurse?

    <p>Do not eat with your bare hands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients is most susceptible to contracting a disease?

    <p>An athlete who had a recent brain surgery due to a vehicular accident. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of a disease?

    <p>The time between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prodromal period of a disease?

    <p>The initial phase of the disease process before symptoms become apparent. (A), The time when the body starts to fight off the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of illness in a disease?

    <p>The time when the symptoms of the disease are most severe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the disease process has a decrease in the number of pathogen particles and signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline?

    <p>Period of decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of convalescence?

    <p>The time it takes for a disease to be cured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does endemic mean in relation to a disease?

    <p>A disease that persists frequently in a particular geographic region. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epidemic mean in relation to a disease?

    <p>A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pandemic mean in relation to a disease?

    <p>A disease that spreads worldwide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are standard precautions?

    <p>Infection control practices that are applied to all clients in any healthcare setting, regardless of their presumed infection diagnosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are transmission-based precautions?

    <p>Infection control practices that are used for patients who are known or suspected to be infected with a specific disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protective precautions?

    <p>Infection control practices that are used for patients with a weakened immune system or those who have a compromised immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nurse in the ER is wearing gloves, masks, safety glasses, and a gown. The nurse is practicing which of the following precautions?

    <p>A &amp; C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measles is a highly contagious exanthematous, vaccine-preventable disease usually affecting children.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the synonyms for Measles?

    <p>Rubeola (B), Tigdas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of virus is Measles?

    <p>Single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Measles transmitted?

    <p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Measles?

    <p>10 to 12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most distinctive kind of rash for a patient with Measles?

    <p>Maculopapular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pre-eruptive phase of measles characterized by?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Koplik's spots?

    <p>White spots with a bluish-white center, found on the inside of the cheek. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eruptive phase of measles characterized by?

    <p>The appearance of the rash. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of measles?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common signs and symptoms of German Measles?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of German Measles?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most distinctive kind of cough for the patient with Pertussis?

    <p>5 to 10 forceful successive coughing w/c ends in a prolonged inspiratory phase or a whoop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the causative agent of Pertussis?

    <p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are taking care of a patient who is newly diagnosed with PTB. What is your primary concern when it comes to diet?

    <p>Provide a small frequent feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are giving a patient ethambutol. As a nurse, you know that optic neuritis is one side effect. To avoid this, you should give...

    <p>NSAIDs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are taking care of a patient who is suspected to have diphtheria. What is your primary concern for this patient?

    <p>Maintenance of proper airway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of a bacterial infection known as Typhoid Fever?

    <p>Step ladder fever, rose spots, abdominal rashes, and a typhoid state characterized by coma vigil, a dry and brown tongue, subsultus tendinum, and a tendency to slip down to the foot part of the bed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the classic signs of Typhoid Fever?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Hepatitis?

    <p>Swollen lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in school-aged children?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia in newborns?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of pneumonia in adults?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae type B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of a chest drainage system?

    <p>Collection chamber, underwater seal chamber, and suction regulator chamber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the suction control chamber used?

    <p>So that the chest tube can be connected to suction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lung has re-expanded when the fluctuations or tidaling in the water-seal chamber stop.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most dreaded complication of Mumps?

    <p>Orchitis in males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the causative agent of Gonorrhea?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Gonorrhea in males?

    <p>Swollen lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Gonorrhea in females?

    <p>Swollen lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for Gonorrhea?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the causative agent of Syphilis?

    <p>Treponema pallidum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Syphilis?

    <p>Swollen lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for Syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin G (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Candidiasis?

    <p>Candida albicans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Candidiasis?

    <p>White, cheese-like, odorless discharge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the causative agent of Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Trichomonas vaginalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Trichomoniasis?

    <p>Yellow-green frothy vaginal discharge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Communicable Disease

    An illness caused by an infectious agent, transmitted directly or indirectly, often through a host, vehicle (like water), or environment.

    Contagious Disease

    Easily spread from person to person.

    Infectious Disease

    Requires inoculation (a break in skin/mucous membrane) for transmission.

    Causative Agent

    Microorganism causing an infection (e.g., virus, bacteria, parasite).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Virulence

    The ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pathogenicity

    Ability of a microbe to invade and multiply in a host.

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    Reservoir

    A place where a pathogen lives & multiplies (e.g., human, animal, environment).

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    Microorganism causing diseases

    A broad category that encompasses viruses, bacteria, and parasites, capable of inducing disease.

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    Infection Process (steps)

    Steps a microbe takes to cause a disease: colonization, adherence to the host, invasion of tissues, production of toxic substances.

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    Study Notes

    Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable disease: an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products, transmitted directly or indirectly (via vector, vehicle like water/food/blood, or inanimate environment).

    Communicable Disease Types

    • Contagious: Easily transmitted between people through direct contact
    • Infectious: Not transmitted by ordinary contact; requires inoculation through a break in skin or mucous membrane

    Patient Case Study

    • Correct Answer: A communicable disease contracted from exposure to another person with the same disease.

    Infection Process

    • Causative Agents: Microorganisms capable of causing an infection (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), and need to be specified (e.g., Aerobic or anaerobic).
    • Virulence: Toxin production that affects infection duration/severity
    • Pathogenicity: Ability to invade and multiply within a host.
    • Stages:
      • Susceptible Host: Any person at risk of infection. Factors include immune deficiency (e.g., diabetes, surgery, burns, or elderly). Other factors include pre-existing conditions, nutritional status, primary and secondary defenses. Exposure to pathogens, trauma, medications, environmental influences also matter.
      • Reservoir: Habitat where the organism survives and multiplies (e.g., environment, hospital, food/water supply, animate organisms [people, rodents, birds], inanimate objects [fomites]).
      • Portal of Entry: The way the organism enters the body (e.g., mouth, nose, eyes, breaks in skin).
      • Mode of Transmission: Ways pathogens move from one host to another (e.g., direct contact, indirect contact, droplets, airborne, vehicle transmission).
      • Portal of Exit: The way the organism exits the body (e.g., respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, other bodily fluids).

    Causative Agent Types

    • Cellular (Living): Parasites (e.g., tapeworms), Protozoa (e.g., malaria), Fungi (e.g., athlete's foot), Prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria, leprosy)
    • Acellular (Non-living): Viruses (e.g., HIV, leading to AIDS), Prions (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [CJD])

    How Microorganisms Cause Infectious Diseases

    • Colonization: Replication within the host
    • Adherence: Attachment to the host
    • Poor Sanitation (Contamination): Access to the host from contaminated sources
    • Invasion: Entry into tissues
    • Toxins: Production of agents causing host harm (tissue damage)

    Phases of Illness

    • Incubation: Initial phase where symptoms aren't apparent; pathogen actively replicates
    • Prodromal: Increase in pathogen population & immune reaction; early symptoms become visible
    • Illness: Active pathogen replication peaks; symptoms specific to affected organ are prominent.
    • Decline: Pathogen numbers fall; symptoms decrease
    • Convalescence: Recovery to normal health; may still be infectious during the recovery period.

    Epidemiological Terms

    • Endemic: Constant transmission, stable case numbers
    • Epidemic: Transmission increase, case numbers increase
    • Pandemic: Increase in cases across multiple continents; global epidemic

    Isolation Systems

    • Standard Precautions: Applied to all patients; used in instances of potential contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions (except sweat), mucous membranes, breaks in skin
    • Transmission-based Precautions: Targeted for specific illness (e.g., contact, droplet, airborne)
    • Protective Precautions: To reduce risk of infection in immunocompromised patients (e.g., extensive skin loss)

    Communicable Disease

    • Quarantine: Strict isolation of people exposed to contagious disease, generally for the length of the longest incubation period, even without symptoms.

    Respiratory Infections

    • Important topics include Measles, German Measles (Rubella), Chicken Pox (Varicella), Influenza (Flu), COVID-19

    Measles

    • Characteristics: Acute, contagious exanthema, common in children.
    • Symptoms
      • Pre-eruptive Phase (3-4 days): High fever, communicable, 3 C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis) + photophobia; Koplik spots
      • Eruptive Phase: Maculopapular rash, reddish, blotchy (morbilliform), starting at hairline, spreading down body .
      • Post-eruptive Phase: Branny desquamation, hemorrhagic rashes, epistaxis, melena, toxicity
    • Complications: Pneumonia, encephalitis, Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), diarrhea, otitis media
    • Management: Bed rest, symptom relief (e.g., vaporizers), proper disposal of secretions.

    German Measles (Rubella)

    • Characteristics: Contagious, distinctive rash
    • Symptoms: Rash, low-grade fever, sore throat, fatigue.
    • Complications: Pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, thrombocytopenia, sinusitis, otitis media, congenital rubella syndrome (possible birth defects).
    • Management: Focus on symptom relief rather than specific antiviral treatments.
    • Important Note: Avoid administering live-virus vaccines to pregnant women.

    Chicken Pox (Varicella)

    • Characteristics: Viral infection
    • Symptoms: Maculopapular rashes.
    • Complications: Furunculosis, erysipelas, meningoencephalitis, possible recurrence as shingles
    • Management: Oral acyclovir, strict isolation
    • Preventive Management: Immunization

    Influenza

    • Synonyms: Flu
    • Characteristics: Respiratory infection
    • Symptoms: Chills, temperature between 38-40° C, headache, non-productive cough, Occasional laryngitis/hoarseness, conjunctivitis/rhinitis, rhinorrhea
    • Management: Symptomatic relief (e.g., analgesics, antipyretics), isolation
    • Preventive management: Immunoazation, proper disposal of secretions .

    COVID-19

    • Characteristics: Respiratory viral infection, high transmissibility
    • Symptoms: Intermittent fever, chills, headache, aches, dry productive cough, dyspnea, loss of smell/taste
    • Complication: Pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome
    • Management: Supportive care (e.g., supplemental oxygen, fluids, protocols for repositioning/proning), avoidance of antibiotic therapy.
    • Note: Consider age-based respiratory rate guidelines based on severity and patient condition.
    • Differential Diagnosis: Respiratory infections are common and need accurate diagnosis to rule out other conditions. Diagnostic criteria to confirm COVID-19: Imaging, tests, clinical criteria and other important patient details

    Pulmonary Tuberculosis

    • Characteristics: Lung infection, frequently affects the parenchyma
    • Synonyms: Koch's disease, phthisis, galloping consumption
    • Causal Agents: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis
    • Mode of Transmission: Droplet infection, Cow's Milk containing M. bovis
    • Incubation Period: 4-12 weeks (2-10 weeks in some cases)
    • Symptoms: Cough, afternoon fever, unexplained weight loss, blood-stained sputum, night sweats
    • Diagnostics: Tuberculin testing (e.g., Mantoux test), AFB smear in sputum, chest X-ray
    • Classifications: Minimal, moderately advanced, advanced
    • Drug Treatment: Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS), antibiotics (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin and others)
    • Nursing Management: High protein/frequent feedings during anorexia, rest, ensuring drug-strict compliance, and avoidance of chest clapping (to prevent hemoptysis)

    Pneumonia

    • Definition: Infection/inflammation of lungs causing alveoli and terminal airspaces.
    • Causative Agents: Many; bacterial (e.g., Streptococcus), viral (common in adults), mycoplasma (common in children).
    • Symptoms: Fever, cough, rusty/prune-juice sputum, shortness of breath (dyspnea), chest pain worse with coughing.
    • Diagnostics: Sputum culture, Chest X-rays, other lab values like blood tests.
    • Classifications: Community-acquired (CAP), Health Care-associated (HCAP), Hospital-acquired (HAP).
    • Treatment varies depending on patient condition

    Mumps

    • Characteristics: Infectious Parotitis
    • Causes Paramyxovirus
    • Incubation Period: 14 to 25 days
    • Symptoms: Swollen salivary glands, pain in the face while chewing or swallowing, fever, headache.
    • Complications: Orchitis (males), oophoritis (females), pancreatitis, myocarditis and hearing loss
    • Diagnosis: Viral isolation, blood tests, viral serology, serum amylase determination tests

    Sexually Transmitted Infections

    • Gonorrhea: Bacterial infection (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), transmitted during sexual contact or birth.
    • Symptoms: Male- purulent discharge (inc. in am), burning sensation; Female- burning sensation, pus discharge, various complications
    • Treatment: Antibiotics (Tetracycline, Ceftriaxone)
      • Note: Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for neonate eye infections
    • Prevention: Safe sex practices (e.g., condoms, monogamous relationship), testing, and treating partners
    • Syphilis: Bacterial infection
    • Symptoms: Varied, include chancre (in primary), skin rashes (secondary), various complications depending on latency/severity, gummas; neurologic complications.
    • Treatment: Antibiotics (Penicillin G)
      • Note: Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
    • Candidiasis: Yeast infection (Candida albicans), transmitted via sexual contact.
    • Symptoms: Itching, inflammation, white, cheese-like discharge.
    • Treatment: Antifungal creams/suppositories, vaginal douching
    • Chlamydia: Bacterial infection (Chlamydia trachomatis)
    • Symptoms: Genital irritation/discomfort, discharge.
    • Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., Doxycycline, Azithromycin)
      • Note: Consider treating sexual partners.
    • AIDS: Viral infection (HIV) with various complications depending on stage.
      • Symptoms: Varies, including persistent fever, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, persistent cough, opportunistic infections, malignancy.
    • Management: Symptomatic supportive care and counseling.
      • Note: Empiric antibiotic therapy needed for initial infection

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