Zoonotic Diseases and Anthrax Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for zoonotic influenza?

  • Direct Contact (correct)
  • Water-borne
  • Indirect Contact
  • Vector-borne

Which geographic areas in the US are most affected by anthrax?

  • Dakotas and Texas (correct)
  • Ohio and Michigan
  • California and Florida
  • New York and New Jersey

What physiological process is induced by the edema factor of anthrax?

  • Increased white blood cell count
  • Fluid retention in cells
  • Fluid loss from cells (correct)
  • Necrosis

Which conditions favor the sporulation of anthrax in the environment?

<p>High CO2 and alternating rain and drought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reported symptom of subacute anthrax in cattle?

<p>Fever and anorexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key prevention strategy for anthrax when performing necropsy or butchering?

<p>Using a vaccine against anthrax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical feature is characteristic of inhalational anthrax?

<p>Flu-like symptoms and respiratory distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of Q fever infection for humans?

<p>Consumption of unpasteurized milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Q fever in humans?

<p>Bloody diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What animal is most frequently identified as a source of Q fever infection in humans?

<p>Sheep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fatality rate for untreated cutaneous anthrax infections?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is effective in controlling Q fever outbreaks?

<p>Controlling tick populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of dairy workers informed their physicians about zoonotic disease exposure?

<p>52.6% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some primary factors contributing to the increased risk of transboundary diseases today?

<p>Increased travel and closer interactions between species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the livestock revolution?

<p>Decline in global animal production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential economic consequence of a transboundary disease outbreak as seen in the UK in 2002?

<p>Destruction of millions of livestock and significant financial loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the United States benefit in terms of vulnerability to transboundary diseases?

<p>Surrounded by oceans and cooperative neighbors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the international transport of animals to the US?

<p>20 million non-domestic animals legally imported each year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT classified as a vesicular disease?

<p>Avian influenza (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign associated with vesicular diseases?

<p>Foaming at the mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of animals shows the highest host range for Foot and Mouth Disease?

<p>Pigs and Cattle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been identified as a significant financial aspect of exotic animal smuggling?

<p>It generates profits between $5-20 billion/year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which livestock industry is significantly larger than that of the UK?

<p>The livestock and poultry industry of the United States (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary control method for African Swine Fever (ASF)?

<p>Depopulation of infected animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with Classical Swine Fever (CSF)?

<p>Diarrhea and skin hemorrhages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can the Classical Swine Fever virus survive in frozen meat?

<p>4 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of ASF virus transmission?

<p>Survives for 15 years in frozen carcasses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the symptom indicating a severe case of African Swine Fever?

<p>Internal hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary measure helps prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases in swine operations?

<p>Improving farm biosecurity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is NOT effective against FMD in swine?

<p>Ignoring clinical signs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of Vesicular Stomatitis?

<p>Significant production loss without death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best practice for supporting animals with Classical Swine Fever?

<p>Only supportive care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for the spread of African Swine Fever?

<p>Feeding uncooked pork products to pigs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Anthrax Transmission

Anthrax spreads from infected animals to humans through skin contact or consuming contaminated animal products.

Anthrax Entry

Anthrax enters the body through skin wounds or mucosal surfaces, then ingested by macrophages.

Anthrax Effects

Anthrax causes edema (swelling), hemorrhage (bleeding), and necrosis (cell death) through the production of toxins.

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Anthrax Animal Effects

Anthrax in animals can result in peracute (very rapid) or subacute (slower) deaths, with various symptoms like fever, anorexia, and edema.

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Anthrax (cutaneous)

A skin infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, characterized by a sore (eschar), with or without accompanying fever and lymph node swelling.

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Anthrax (inhalation)

A life-threatening form of anthrax, following inhalation of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis.

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Anthrax (Gastrointestinal)

A severe, highly fatal form of anthrax, affecting the digestive system, leading to oral or pharyngeal edema, gastric ulcers, bloody diarrhea, ascites or shock, often fatal.

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Q Fever Transmission

Q fever is transmitted primarily through inhalation of airborne pathogens from infected animal products or from ticks.

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Q Fever Symptoms

Q fever, in humans, usually begins with acute fever, headache, chills, sweats, cough; sometimes complications like endocarditis, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis.

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Q Fever Source of Infection

Q fever infection, often subclinical in livestock, can cause abortion or placentitis. In humans this infection is typically transmitted via inhaling airborne organisms from a source like animal reproductive fluids or raw milk.

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Zoonotic Disease Exposure

Zoonotic diseases are those that can be spread between animals and humans.

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Anthrax Treatment

Anthrax is treated with antibiotics as it is caused by bacterial infection.

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Transboundary diseases

Diseases that can spread across national borders.

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

A vesicular disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, causing blisters around the mouth, feet, and other areas.

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Vesicular Stomatitis (VS)

A vesicular disease affecting various animals, similar to FMD but with different host ranges.

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Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)

A vesicular disease primarily affecting pigs, causing blisters.

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Livestock Revolution

The increase in meat consumption and industrialized production of livestock globally.

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Global Economy

The international flow of goods and services across borders, now with significantly less restriction than before.

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Animal Trade

The movement of animals, for multiple reasons (including tourism and international commerce).

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Bush Meat Trade

The consumption of wild animals as food, particularly in specific regions like Africa, Asia, and Amazon areas.

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Economic Losses (e.g., 2002 UK FMD outbreak)

Significant financial impact on the livestock sector due to transboundary disease outbreaks.

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Risk to USA

The USA, despite favorable factors like ocean borders, is still vulnerable to transboundary diseases.

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FMDV Shedding Duration Saliva

Wild pigs shed Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in their saliva for 10 days before clinical signs appear.

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FMDV Shedding Duration Exhaled Air

Wild pigs shed FMDV in exhaled air for a period of 1 day.

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African Swine Fever (ASF)

A highly contagious and fatal viral disease affecting pigs, with no treatment or vaccine.

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ASF Transmission

ASF transmits through direct and indirect contact, secretions, and consumption of uncooked pork.

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ASF Virus Stability

The ASF virus is very stable in the environment and can persist for 15 years in frozen carcasses.

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Classical Swine Fever (CSF)

A reportable viral disease in pigs, also known as hog cholera, with variable clinical signs.

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CSF Transmission

CSF spreads through direct and indirect contact, including oral, nasal, or skin contact. Consumption of uncooked pork products can also spread the virus.

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CSF Clinical Signs (Acute)

Acute CSF is characterized by high fever, diarrhea, and neurological signs, like hemorrhages on the skin.

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ASF Control Measures

Control measures for ASF include quarantine, depopulation of infected and contact herds, and disinfection.

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CSF Prevention

Prevention of CSF includes farm biosecurity measures like fencing to keep out wildlife, specific feeding areas, hygiene, and disinfection.

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Study Notes

Transboundary and Zoonotic Diseases

  • These diseases cross national boundaries
  • Objectives for study include listing signs, predisposing factors, and causative pathogens for each disease.
  • Treatment and prevention strategies for each disease will be described.
  • Losses associated with selected diseases will be outlined.
  • Strategies to reduce risks to animal caretakers and public health will also be detailed.

Why are Transboundary Diseases More Common Today?

  • Increased travel of people and animals
  • Global trade in animal products and species
  • Increased animal populations
  • Increased contact between humans and animals

Global Economy's Role

  • International spread of capitalism across national borders with few restrictions facilitates disease transmission.

Human Population Growth

  • A graph showing exponential human population growth.

Livestock Revolution

  • Increased meat consumption in developing countries
  • Growth of industrialized animal production systems
  • Global increase in animal production.

USA's Vulnerability to Transboundary Diseases

  • Favorable factors: Surrounded by oceans, cooperative neighbours, dispersed animal populations.

Animal Trade

  • Animal trade carries disease into new countries.
  • Trade is driven by tourism and the demand for unusual animals and body parts for medicinal or magical purposes.

International Transport of Animals

  • 20 million non-domestic animals are legally imported into the US yearly.
  • Exotic animal smuggling is valued at $5-20 billion yearly.

Bush Meat Trade

  • Estimated wild animal meat consumption:
    • Asia: >1 billion kg per year
    • Amazon Basin: estimated
  • Between 67 and 164 million kg (mammals alone) yearly
  • Between 6.4 to 15.8 million animals
    • Africa: 576 million animals yearly

Vesicular Diseases

  • Often clinically indistinguishable.
  • Diseases include Foot and Mouth Disease, Vesicular Stomatitis, Swine vesicular disease, and Swine exanthema

Host Range of Vesicular Diseases

  • A table detailing which animals are susceptible to different vesicular diseases.

FMDV Shedding

  • Saliva: 10 days
  • Exhaled air: 1 day
  • Milk: 4 days
  • Semen: 4 days
  • Feces/Urine: 1 day

US FMD Control Plan

  • Confirm diagnosis
  • Quarantine, stopping the movement of infected herds and animals.
  • Depopulate infected and in-contact herds.
  • Disinfect.
  • Repopulate with vaccinated animals if possible

Vesicular Stomatitis (2014)

  • Locations of outbreaks in the US in 2014
  • Number of positive cases.

African Swine Fever (ASF) and Classic Swine Fever

  • ASF is a highly contagious and fatal swine disease with no effective treatment or vaccine.
  • Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is marked by high fever, hemorrhages on the skin, and high mortality rates.
  • CSF Transmission is not through ticks but through direct or indirect contact, oral, nasal mucous membranes, or abrasions, and consumption of uncooked pork products.

ASF Transmission

  • Very stable in environment and will last for 15 years in frozen carcasses and a month in pig pens.
  • Direct and indirect contact, shed in secretions and blood.
  • Consumption of uncooked pork products.
  • Ornithodoros soft ticks are carriers.

CSF Clinical Signs

  • Acute and chronic forms with different degrees of severity.

CSF Treatment and Prevention

  • Only supportive care available
  • CSF vaccine is available in areas where the disease is endemic, and it needs USDA approval as part of an outbreak response.

Biosecurity Breaches for Swine Operations

  • Feral swine
  • People/Equipment
  • Feeding activities

Feral Swine Populations

  • Maps showing feral swine populations in the US in 1982 and 2021.

Swine Health Protection

  • Maps showing permitted and prohibited areas for garbage feeding

Prevention of Animal to Human Disease Spread

  • Wash your hands.
  • Wear PPE/Protective gear.
  • Practice safe food handling.
  • Practice biosecurity measures.
  • Pay attention to animal health.
  • Take precautions when handling animals.
  • Clean and disinfect to kill germs.
  • Inform physician about exposure to animals.

Zoonoses Not Yet Covered

  • Tularemia
  • Plague
  • Anthrax
  • Q Fever

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Transboundary Diseases and Zoonoses PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on zoonotic diseases, specifically focusing on anthrax and Q fever. This quiz covers modes of transmission, geographic impacts, physiological processes, and prevention strategies associated with these diseases. Challenge yourself to understand the clinical features and the importance of awareness in zoonotic disease exposure.

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