Transboundary Diseases and Zoonoses PDF

boundaries Selected Transboundary and Zoonotic Diseases Noa Roman-Muniz, DVM, MS Objectives For each disease: List signs, predisposing factors and causative pathogens Describe treatment and prevention strategies Describe losses associated with selected...

boundaries Selected Transboundary and Zoonotic Diseases Noa Roman-Muniz, DVM, MS Objectives For each disease: List signs, predisposing factors and causative pathogens Describe treatment and prevention strategies Describe losses associated with selected diseases Describe strategies to reduce risks to animal caretakers and public health Why are the risk of transboundary diseases greater today than they were before? travel mumt of species imports exports populations humans animals are closer together Global The international spread of capitalism, especially in recent decades, across national boundaries and with minimal economy restrictions by governments. Dictionary.com Livestock Revolution Increased consumption of meat products in developing countries Increased growth of industrialized production systems Animal production continually increasing globally  How vulnerable is the USA to transboundary diseases? In our favor Surrounded by oceans Cooperative neighbors 900 Animal populations dispersed  feather big Inegi stories Animal Trade tourism weird stuff into this country International Transport of Animals 20 million non-domestic animals imported into the US legally each year Exotic animal smuggling is worth at least $5-20 billion/year Second only to drugs in profits Bush Meat Trade Estimated consumption of wild animal meat per year Asia: > 1 billion kg Amazon Basin: 67-164 million kg (mammals alone) 6.4-15.8 million animals Africa: 576 million animals  you injuries Potential consequences to national & local economies The UK 2002 FMD outbreak Lasted 9 months 2030 premises were infected depopulated >10 million livestock destroyed Cost in excess of $15 billion b more of The livestock & poultry industry of the United States is between 8-9 times larger than that of the UK Vesicular Diseases foaming the mouth Vesicular Diseases of togge Clinically identical: Foot and Mouth Disease Vesicular stomatitis Swine vesicular disease Swine exanthema air L lesion Vesicular Diseases Host Range Donotmemoriz FMD logoodamplip.fr VS SVD VES Cattle +++ +++ - - Sheep ++ + - - Pigs +++ + +++ +++ MD Horses - +++ - - Wildlife ++ ? Wild pig Marine mammals Humans +? +? -? -?  before Day clinical signs Saliva 10 days FMDV shedding Exhaled air Milk 1 day 4 days prior to clinical Semen 4 days signs Feces/Urine 1 day Mots contagious disease known. Virus can travel miles! EII.EE na doesnt kill the animal but production  Confirm diagnosis Quarantine- stop movement Depopulate infected and in-contact herds US FMD control Disinfect plan Repopulate Vaccine??? would mess up exports ye You Eee Objective: regain FMD disease-free status ASAP Vesicular Stomatitis 2014in CO horses cows get it  degloving doesnt kill but need to support animal African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever African Swine Fever (ASF) Virus Most important infectious disease of swine Highly contagious Fatal No treatment No vaccine Depopulation is only effective control Reportable  Bloodfarrhea internal hemorrage Signs of disease Decreased High Fever Weakness appetite Skin lesions, red, blotchy Diarrhea Vomiting skin Difficulty Coughing breathing  enlargedspleen Lesions Hemorrhage of Internal organs Hemorrhagic splenomegaly https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00282 ASF Transmission Very stable in environment 15 years in frozen carcasses 1 month in soiled pig pens Direct and indirect contact Shed in secretions and blood major Consumption of uncooked pork products Ticks Ornithodoros soft ticks transmission Warthogs are asymptomatic carriers of ASF virus resevouir September report- OIE (WOAH) https://www.woah.org/app/uploa ds/2022/09/asf-report20.pdf Not in the US or territories (PR and Virgin Islands) transboundary Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Virus Hog Cholera Reportable Transmission not Eugh Direct and indirect contact Oral, nasal, mucous membranes, abrasions Consumption of uncooked pork products Virus can survive 4 years in frozen meat  classical swine fever Acute CSF High fever Diarrhea CSF- Neurologic signs Hemorrhages on skin Clinical Cyanosis blue lack of 027 High mortality Signs Chronic CSF (partially immune herds) Less severe disease, waxing and waning for weeks-months Mortality of affected animals- only some in herd spleen CSF- Treatment and Prevention a Only supportive care CSF Vaccine In endemic areas Require USDA approval As part of outbreak response Risks to Biosecurity breaks if present swine üFeral swine here coding risk operations: üPeople/Equipment ASF & CSF üFeeding Feeding feed garbage to pigs waste Prevention Farm biosecurity Fencing to keep wildlife out Feeds and feeding areas specified Visitors and international travel Hygiene, disinfection, PPE On-farm traffic Control of ASF and CSF Quarantine and stop movement 0 Depopulation Disinfection https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/animal_dise ases/swine/hemorrhagic-fevers-integrated-surveillance-plan.pdf then bring in new animals Zoonotic diseases Are zoonoses a big deal?  Zoonotic influenza 8 Zoonotic Salmonellosis West Nile Virus Plague couro etc Diseases of most I Emerging coronaviruses Rabies concern in US Brucellosis Lyme Disease (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0506-zoonotic-diseases-shared.html Spread via Direct Contact Indirect Contact Vector-borne Food-borne Water-borne Human populations at higher risk Children (200 old remains Resistant to microwave irradiation at 100C for 30 min Resistant to conventional pasteurization Anthrax Infected animals die and contaminate the soil CO2 in dead bodies inhibits sporulation Sporulation occurs when exposed again to O2 High N2, alkaline soils Alternating periods of rain and drought Tropical and sub-tropical India, Pakistan, Africa, Asia, South America, Haiti In US: in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and parts of New Mexico and Minnesota Anthrax Entry: skin wound or mucosa Ingested by macrophages à germinate Spread via lymphatics and blood à colonize phagocytic cells Edema factor- fluid loss from cells swollen all over Lethal factor- macrophage death, high quantities of inflammatory mediators released Result: edema, hemorrhage, necrosis Anthrax In cattle: Peracute death- with or without external evidence of hemorrhage Subacute: fever, anorexia, hematuria, edema, enlarged spleen, resp. distress, seizures Blood smears to identify organism Minimize contact (tip of ear, coronary band) No necropsies Anthrax In humans: Cutaneous Pruritic papule, ulcer with vesicles, black, necrotic “eschar” =/- fever, lymphadenopathy, 20% fatality rate w/out antibiotic treatment Inhalational Flu-like, respiratory distress and hypotension, shock and death (highly fatal) Lymph node hemorrhage Gastrointestinal oropharyngeal edema, gastric ulcers, bloody diarrhea, ascites, shock and death (highly fatal) Anthrax Treatment: antibiotics aggressin Prevention: Vaccine Protection when performing necropsy or butchering  Q Fever Coxiella burnetti (Gram – coccobacillus) Transmission Among wild animals- ticks From wild to domestic animals- ticks, aerosols nEy Sheep- common source of infection for humans Urine, feces, milk arroated People attending parturition At slaughter Q fever Very infective- 1 organism is enough with certain strains Usually subclinical in livestock, but… Abortion must know Placentitis you To control what is dagiot Control measures and hygiene as with any abortive disease  laterin a life In humans: Mostly inhalation of organism in reproductive fluids Consumption of raw milk Acute fever, headache, chills, sweats, coughing, chronic endocarditis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis… Q fever Notifiable disease Vaccines but not commercially available Treatment: antimicrobials Zoonotic Disease Exposure Potential Between humans and… Farm animals- 73.7% Wild animals- 61.4% Pets- 63.2% Dairy work 52.6% told physician MD said nothing (14) Hygiene and PPE use To be careful 24.6% told pediatrician Hygiene and PPE use MD said nothing (2) “My kids are not in contact are with the animals.” they This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA