Zoonoses, Insect-Borne Viruses, and Parasitic Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which model proposed in the text consists of an agent, host, and environment?

  • Epidemiologic triad (correct)
  • Causal Pie Model
  • BEINGS model
  • Web of causation

    • What is an example of a social and psychologic stressor that could be part of the agent in the Epidemiologic Triad model?

  • Dust
  • Socioeconomic issues (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Chemical toxins

    • What term is used in the text to describe extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure?

  • Agent
  • Host
  • Environment (correct)
  • Vector

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of agent mentioned in the Epidemiologic Triad model?

    <p>Psychologic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brings the host and agent together in the Epidemiologic Triad model?

    <p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as an effective transmitter of diseases in the text?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do influenza viruses primarily exit the host?

    <p>Via the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission involves large, short-ranged aerosol spray?

    <p>Droplet spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portal of entry provides access to tissues for pathogen multiplication?

    <p>Respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of contact involves kissing and sexual intercourse?

    <p>Direct contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents do not multiply or undergo physiologic changes in the biological host?

    <p>Scabies mites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary natural reservoir for rabies?

    <p>Dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carrier is capable of transmitting the disease before showing clinical symptoms?

    <p>Incubatory carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a person who has a condition but shows no signs or symptoms?

    <p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of infection, what is the term used for the habitat where an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies?

    <p>Reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of human reservoir is capable of transmitting disease after their clinical state is resolved?

    <p>Convalescent carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the epidemiologic triad, when is a disease transmitted?

    <p>When an agent leaves its reservoir through a portal of exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carrier continues to harbor the infectious agent for an extended period following initial infection?

    <p>Chronic carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final link in the chain of infection?

    <p>Susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a protective factor against infections?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves antibodies acquired from mother or through injections?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for infections acquired in hospitals or healthcare facilities?

    <p>Nosocomial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a leading cause of nosocomial infections?

    <p>Gastrointestinal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections?

    <p>Practicing strict aseptic techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of disease occurrence is characterized by a persistent high level of disease occurrence?

    <p>Hyperendemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemic disease occurrence, what do epidemic curves depict?

    <p>Distribution of incident cases over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are epidemics classified based on the manner in which they spread?

    <p>Common source, propagated, mixed, other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outbreak occurs when people are exposed in a group to a single noxious influence?

    <p>Common source outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the portal of exit for cholera bacteria according to the text?

    <p>Faeces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission involves suspended air particles carrying the agent?

    <p>Indirect contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the portal of entry for respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses?

    <p>Respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, what is considered the natural habitat where an infectious agent usually grows and multiplies?

    <p>Reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arthropods is mentioned in the text as a carrier capable of transmitting diseases mechanically?

    <p>Flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way for microorganisms to exit the host body, according to the text?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the causal pie model, what is the definition of a necessary cause?

    <p>A factor that MUST be present for an event to occur, found in all cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of disease causation addresses risk factors in the context of biologic, behavioral, environmental, and other factors?

    <p>Beings Model of Disease Causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sufficient cause in the causal pie model?

    <p>A set of conditions that will produce the event, but it alone does not provide the whole pie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically targeted to prevent diseases in the web of causation model?

    <p>Risk factors closest to the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept from the causal pie model explains why biological factors have an effect on disease occurrence?

    <p>Sufficient cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Beings Model of Disease Causation consider as factors affecting the cause of diseases?

    <p>Biologic, behavioral, environmental, immunologic, and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the epidemiological approach mentioned in the text?

    <p>Calculating rates and comparing them over time or among different groups of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator in epidemiology?

    <p>To calculate rates for further analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the epidemiological context, what does 'counting' refer to?

    <p>Measuring the frequency of cases or health events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key step follows the practice of counting cases in the epidemiological approach outlined in the text?

    <p>Dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main objectives when describing cases according to time, place, and person in epidemiology?

    <p>To facilitate comparisons among different groups or over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to establish case definitions in epidemiology?

    <p>To ensure consistency in identifying and reporting cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outbreak occurs when cases are continuously exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer?

    <p>Continuous Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of disease occurrence is characterized by cases being intermittently exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer?

    <p>Intermittent Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In point break outbreak, what type of exposure leads to everyone who gets ill developing the disease in one incubation period?

    <p>Food contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outbreak does not have a common source and involves gradual increasing spread from person to person?

    <p>Propagated Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the epidemic curve of a Point Source Outbreak from that of an Intermittent Outbreak?

    <p>Single curve with steep upward slope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outbreak involves a contaminant being emitted at intervals or arising from various sources?

    <p>Intermittent Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mandatory reporting of notifiable diseases?

    <p>To track disease occurrence and identify outbreaks early</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a mixed outbreak as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Pattern of common source followed by secondary person-to-person spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of classifying diseases as Class 1 for notification within 24 hours?

    <p>To facilitate timely reporting, counting, and tracking of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of an epidemic curve depicting a propagated outbreak?

    <p>Gradual rise and fall over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is necessary for zoonotic and vector-borne outbreaks to occur?

    <p>Presence of vectors and human-vector interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the attack rate measure in an at-risk population?

    <p>Frequency of morbidity or speed of spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mode of transmission defined as when an agent is transmitted from reservoir to host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects, or animate intermediaries?

    <p>Indirect transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that influences one's susceptibility to infections according to the text?

    <p>Genetic factors and acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the portal of exit for scabies mites according to the text?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a specific acquired immunity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Active immunity through vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals serves as a natural reservoir for anthrax according to the text?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in breaking the chain of infection according to the text?

    <p>Finding a susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by the pathogen exiting the host through the respiratory tract?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a leading cause of nosocomial infections mentioned in the text?

    <p>Gastrointestinal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission involves large, short-ranged aerosol spray like sneezing, coughing, or talking?

    <p>Droplet spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections as stated in the text?

    <p>Promoting strict aseptic technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portals of entry provide access to tissues where an agent can multiply or a toxin can act according to the text?

    <p>Respiratory tract and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves antibodies acquired from mother or through injections according to the text?

    <p>Natural passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in epidemiology that involves counting and describing cases in terms of time, place, and person?

    <p>Defining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, what is calculated by dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator?

    <p>Incidence rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the systematic approach in epidemiology that involves defining cases and comparing rates over time or among different groups of people?

    <p>Epidemiological investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of establishing a case definition in epidemiology?

    <p>To count and describe cases consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of 'comparing' in epidemiology involve?

    <p>Analyzing trends over time or between groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates in epidemiology?

    <p>Rate standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carrier is characterized as never showing symptoms during the time they are affected?

    <p>Asymptomatic carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reservoir includes humans, animals, and the environment?

    <p>Human reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission involves an individual who continues to harbor an infectious agent for an extended period following initial infection?

    <p>Indirect transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the epidemiologic triad, disease transmission occurs through a portal of exit from the reservoir/host, conveyed through some mode of transmission, and enters through a portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. What element of the triad denotes the mode of transmission?

    <p>Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outbreak involves the gradual increasing spread of a disease from person to person without a common source?

    <p>Propagated outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an individual as a 'carrier' in epidemiological terms?

    <p>'Carrier' refers to individuals capable of transmitting the disease to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epidemic pattern is characterized by cases being continuously exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer?

    <p>Continuous Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outbreak involves a gradual increasing spread from person to person, usually by direct contact, and does not have a common source?

    <p>Propagated Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Common Source Outbreak, which outbreak type shows an epidemic curve with a single steep upward slope and gradual downward slope?

    <p>Point Source Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of outbreak is characterized by contaminant emission at intervals or arising from various sources?

    <p>Intermittent Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature that sets Propagated Outbreaks apart from other types of outbreaks discussed?

    <p>Gradual increasing spread without a common source</p> Signup and view all the answers

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