Zoonoses
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Zoonoses

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Questions and Answers

What is a Zoonosis?

  • An infection primarily found in humans
  • An infection that is transmissible from animals to humans (correct)
  • A type of vector used in disease transmission
  • A treatment for viral infections in humans

    • Which of the following is an example of a Biological Vector?

  • Ant
  • Mosquito (correct)
  • Tick (correct)
  • Housefly

    • What distinguishes a Mechanical Vector from a Biological Vector?

  • It is always an arthropod species.
  • It can host the pathogen during its lifecycle.
  • It moves the pathogen without participating in its lifecycle. (correct)
  • It transmits the disease by reproduction of the pathogen.

    • How many known zoonoses are there?

    <p>150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are arboviruses primarily spread by?

    <p>Arthropod vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can severe cases of encephalitis potentially lead to?

    <p>Life-threatening conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with encephalitis?

    <p>Dry skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogens can zoonoses include?

    <p>Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is specifically mentioned as a Zoonosis transmitted by mosquitoes?

    <p>West Nile Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding arboviruses?

    <p>They belong to various RNA virus families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vectors with their definitions:

    <p>Biological Vector = Transmits pathogens as part of the microbe's lifecycle Mechanical Vector = Moves pathogens without participating in the lifecycle Zoonosis = Infection normally found in animals that can infect humans Arbovirus = Virus spread by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their associated vectors:

    <p>Malaria = Mosquitoes West Nile Virus = Mosquitoes Encephalitis = Ticks Bacterial infection = Flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following zoonotic pathogens with their microbe type:

    <p>Plasmodium spp. = Protozoan West Nile Virus = Virus Bacterial infection from flies = Bacterium Helminth parasite = Helminths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their related condition:

    <p>Severe headache = Encephalitis Muscle pain = Arbovirus infection Fever with rash = Arbovirus infection Confused thinking = Severe Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vector terms with their examples:

    <p>Biological Vector = Mosquito carrying malaria Mechanical Vector = Fly landing on food Intermediate host = Birds infected with West Nile Virus Arthropod vector = Ticks transmitting arboviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following zoonoses to their host animals:

    <p>West Nile Virus = Birds Malaria = Humans Dog rabies = Dogs Hantavirus = Rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral families with their characteristics:

    <p>Togaviruses = RNA viruses Flaviviruses = RNA viruses Bunyaviruses = RNA viruses Reoviruses = RNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to vector transmission:

    <p>Transmissible = Ability to spread infection from one host to another Infection = Invasion of the body by pathogens Host = Organism that harbors a pathogen Transmission = Process of spreading disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the type of encephalitis:

    <p>Flu-like symptoms = Mild Encephalitis Seizures = Severe Encephalitis Joint stiffness = Arbovirus Infection No symptoms = Mild Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do birds play in the West Nile virus transmission cycle?

    <p>They serve as amplifiers of the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes non-bird mammals in the West Nile virus transmission cycle?

    <p>They are considered dead-end hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which mosquitoes become infected with the West Nile virus?

    <p>By biting infected birds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for an infected mosquito to start transmitting the West Nile virus to other birds?

    <p>1 week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the West Nile virus transmission cycle, what is the primary function of mosquitoes?

    <p>To act as vectors of transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately depicts the relationship between mosquitoes and the West Nile virus?

    <p>Mosquitoes act as a vector for the virus between birds and mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are humans classified as dead-end hosts in the West Nile virus transmission cycle?

    <p>They do not develop high levels of the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mosquito species is primarily involved in the West Nile virus transmission cycle?

    <p>Culex species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence for a mammal that becomes infected with the West Nile virus?

    <p>It will not lead to further transmission of the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color represents Yellow fever on the map?

    <p>Light beige/tan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the arrow on the map signify regarding the diseases displayed?

    <p>Their distribution is generally geographically restricted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with the red border on the map?

    <p>West Nile fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT represented on the map?

    <p>Chikungunya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the map is represented in light gray/off-white?

    <p>St. Louis encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is characterized by a light gray/blue color on the map?

    <p>Dengue fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation 'JFIF' stand for in the context of digital images?

    <p>JPEG File Interchange Format</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common metadata format used in digital image files?

    <p>EXIF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which software does the timestamp 'Adobe Photoshop CS2' originate?

    <p>Adobe Photoshop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What date is indicated in the metadata for the image?

    <p>2007:06:26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What character is typically used to separate different sections of binary data in image files?

    <p>H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is primarily stored in the 'Exif' section of an image file?

    <p>Camera settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of 'Adobe_CM' in relation to the image file?

    <p>Color management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Windows' mention in the metadata of the image?

    <p>Indicates the operating system used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following items is least likely to be included in the metadata of an image file?

    <p>File path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sequence '1W' most likely refer to in the context of the image metadata?

    <p>Type of layer in Photoshop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Zoonoses

    • An infection normally found in animals but transmissible to humans is called a Zoonosis.
    • Approximately 150 known zoonoses exist.
    • Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi can be spread to humans through zoonoses.

    Vectors

    • Vectors are live animals that transmit infectious agents from one host to another, particularly when multiple hosts are involved.
    • Mosquitoes are a vector for West Nile Virus.
    • Biological vectors actively participate in the pathogen's life cycle.
      • Malaria is spread by mosquitoes, which act as biological vectors since part of the Plasmodium protozoan's life cycle occurs within them.
    • Mechanical vectors simply move pathogens from one location to another without participating in their life cycle.
      • A fly landing on a bun and depositing a pathogen picked up from the environment demonstrates mechanical vector transmission.

    Arboviruses & Encephalitis

    • Arboviruses are viruses spread by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks.
    • Arboviruses include over 400 viruses belonging to different RNA virus families, including togaviruses, flaviviruses, some bunyaviruses and reoviruses.
    • Arbovirus infections can cause encephalitis, fever with rash and headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and joint stiffness.
    • Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) can manifest as flu-like symptoms, confusion, seizures, sensory or movement problems.
    • Most encephalitis cases result in mild flu-like symptoms or no symptoms.
    • Severe encephalitis, while rare, is life-threatening.
    • Arboviruses are the most common cause of encephalitis.
    • Arboviruses and their vectors tend to be concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions, though temperate zones experience periodic epidemics.
    • Peak incidence of infections coincides with periods of active arthropod feeding and reproduction.
    • Humans can act as accidental hosts or maintenance reservoirs for arboviruses.
    • Controlling the vector population is crucial for disease control.

    Zoonoses

    • An infection that is normally found in animals but is transmissible to humans is called a Zoonosis.
    • Zoonoses can be caused by various microbes such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi.
    • There are about 150 known zoonoses.
    • Some infections involve multiple hosts.

    Vectors

    • A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another when there are multiple hosts involved in the spread of an infectious disease is called a vector.
    • There are two types of vectors:
      • Biological Vectors participate in the lifecycle of the microbe.
      • Mechanical Vectors simply move the pathogen from one location to another without participating in the lifecycle of the pathogen.

    Arboviruses & Encephalitis

    • Arboviruses are viruses spread by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks.
    • Arboviruses can cause encephalitis, fever with rash and headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and joint stiffness.
    • Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and can cause flu-like symptoms, seizures, or problems with senses or movement. Severe cases can be life-threatening.
    • Viral infections are the most common cause of encephalitis, and it is primarily from arboviruses.
    • Vectors and viruses tend to be clustered in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Infections show a peak incidence when the arthropod is actively feeding and reproducing.
    • Humans can be accidental hosts or a maintenance reservoir for the disease.
    • Controlling the vector controls the disease.

    West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle

    • West Nile Virus (WNV) primarily circulates between mosquitoes and birds.
    • Birds, particularly those infected with WNV, act as amplifiers, meaning they develop high levels of the virus in their bloodstream.
    • Mosquitoes become infected by biting infected birds and can then transmit the virus to other birds.
    • The Culex species of mosquito is the most common vector for WNV transmission.
    • Humans, horses, and other mammals are considered "dead-end" hosts because they do not develop high levels of the virus in their blood and cannot pass the virus to other mosquitoes.
    • However, these "dead-end" hosts can still be infected by mosquitoes and experience symptoms of WNV infection.

    Geographic Distribution of Encephalitis and Fever Types

    • A world map visually displays the global distribution of various viral encephalitis and fever types.
    • Different colors and patterns represent different diseases.
    • West Nile fever is represented by a red border outlining specific regions.
    • Yellow fever is indicated by light beige/tan.
    • Dengue fever is shown as light gray/blue.
    • St.Louis encephalitis is represented by light gray/off-white.
    • Japanese encephalitis is displayed as light green/gray.
    • The map labels specific diseases and their approximate geographical areas.
    • These diseases include Colorado tick fever, LaCrosse encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Congolian hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, Kyasanur fever, Omsk fever, Mayaro fever, Rocio fever, Murray Valley encephalitis, and Ross River fever.
    • An arrow on the map signifies that the distribution of these diseases is generally geographically restricted.

    Metadata

    • The document was last edited on June 26, 2007 at 1:58:25 PM using Adobe Photoshop CS2 on a Windows platform.
    • Metadata indicates file was created using Adobe Photoshop CS2 software.

    Image Information

    • The image likely contains text or data in a complex format, potentially encoded using various image compression techniques.
    • The data includes a mix of alphanumeric characters, symbols, and potentially binary code.
    • The image has a layered structure, with different sections possibly representing distinct elements.
    • The information is disorganized and appears as a jumbled mix of characters and symbols.
    • The text is a mix of normal and distorted letters, potentially indicative of encrypted or hidden content.
    • The image may be part of a larger document or dataset.

    Analysis

    • The text contains a mix of random characters and potential data fragments, suggesting it's not a typical human-comprehensible text.
    • The repeated "JFIF" and "H H" sequences could be file delimiters or markers indicating a specific file format or encoding.
    • The presence of the "Exif" tag suggests that the image may contain Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif) metadata.
    • The appearance of "Adobe" strings indicates a strong connection to Adobe products like Photoshop.
    • The text contains a potential pattern of repetitive characters and symbols, potentially hinting at a form of encryption or encoding.

    Potential Applications

    • The image may contain hidden information, digital signatures, or timestamps relevant to forensic analysis.
    • The text analysis might be helpful for deciphering specific codes or identifying the source of the file.
    • It may contain clues about the data's origin, purpose, and creation process.
    • The image can be further analyzed using specialized tools to extract potential hidden data.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on zoonoses, the infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and the various types of vectors involved in disease transmission. Explore the roles of biological and mechanical vectors in the spread of diseases such as malaria and West Nile Virus.

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