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Zoology Module 1: Carbon in Organic Molecules
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Zoology Module 1: Carbon in Organic Molecules

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Questions and Answers

What is a unique property of carbon that allows it to form the basis of most organic molecules?

  • Its ability to form multiple bonds with other atoms (correct)
  • Its ability to form single bonds with hydrogen
  • Its ability to form only branched chains
  • Its ability to form only short chains
  • What is the main difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?

  • The presence of a hydroxyl group
  • The location of the double bond in the carbon skeleton (correct)
  • The presence of a methyl group
  • The number of carbon atoms in the molecule
  • Which functional group is responsible for the formation of hydrogen bonds with water?

  • Methyl group
  • Amino group
  • Hydroxyl group (correct)
  • Carboxyl group
  • What is the function of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Structural material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to classify carbohydrates?

    <p>Molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phosphate groups in carbohydrates?

    <p>Release energy when combined with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycogen in the body?

    <p>Storage of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound formed when two sulfhydryl groups react?

    <p>Disulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of triglycerides in the human body?

    <p>To store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phospholipids in the human body?

    <p>To serve as structural materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of contractile proteins in the human body?

    <p>To facilitate movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transport proteins in the human body?

    <p>To carry out transportation of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of regulatory proteins in the human body?

    <p>To regulate and coordinate the function of an organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of receptor proteins in the human body?

    <p>To participate in signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of waxes in the human body?

    <p>To protect and waterproof the skin and hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of enzymes in the human body?

    <p>To catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbon and Organic Molecules

    • Carbon is an indispensable element of life, forming multiple bonds and long atom chains.
    • The arrangement of carbon groups determines the properties of a carbon-containing molecule.
    • Carbon skeletons form the basis of most organic molecules and can vary in length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings.

    Functional Groups

    • There are 7 different functional groups directly involved in chemical reactions.
    • Hydroxyl group (polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water, compound name: alcohol)
    • Carbonyl group (ketone or aldehyde, compound name: ketone or aldehyde)
    • Carboxyl group (acts as an acid, compound name: carboxylic acid or organic acid)
    • Amino group (acts as a base, compound name: amine)
    • Sulfhydryl group (two SH groups can react, compound name: thiol)
    • Phosphate group (contributes negative charge, releases energy when combined with water, compound name: organic phosphate)
    • Methyl group (affects gene expression, compound name: methylated compound)

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones, including sugars and polymers of sugar.

    • Functions of carbohydrates include:

      • Sources of energy (glucose)
      • Stores energy (glycogen and starch)
      • Structural materials (cellulose and chitin)
      • Cell to cell recognition (plants and fungi create own cell wall)
    • Ways to classify carbohydrates:

      • By functional groups (aldehyde or ketone)
      • By number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose)
      • By sugar units (mono, di, poly)

    Lipids

    • Lipids do not include true polymers and are hydrophobic and varied in form and function.

    • Functions of lipids include:

      • Sources of energy (fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K)
      • Stores energy (triglycerides)
      • Structural materials (phospholipids, steroids, and waxes)
    • Types of lipids:

      • Fats (hydrocarbon chain + carboxylic acid)
      • Triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol)
      • Phospholipids (phosphate group + glycerol + fatty acid chain)
      • Steroids (cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, steroid hormones, and bile salts)
      • Waxes (animal waxes: beeswax, lanolin, spermaceti wax, and feather wax; plant waxes: cuticle and jojoba wax)

    Proteins

    • Proteins are diverse, polymers of amino acids, and essential for living things.

    • Levels of protein structure:

      • Primary structure (chain of amino acids)
      • Secondary structure (coiling or folded pattern stabilized by hydrogen bonds)
      • Tertiary structure (final shape of the polypeptide)
      • Quaternary structure (aggregation of multiple subunits)
    • Types of proteins:

      • Structural proteins (provide structural framework and support, e.g., silk, keratin, and collagen)
      • Enzymatic proteins (catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions)
      • Defensive proteins (provide defense against infection and hemorrhage, e.g., antibodies, thrombin, and fibrinogen)
      • Contractile proteins (facilitate movement, e.g., cytoskeleton, motor proteins, and locomotory structures)
      • Transport proteins (carry out transportation of substances, e.g., hemoglobin and transporter proteins)
      • Regulatory proteins (regulate and coordinate organ function, e.g., hormones, growth factors, and transcriptional and translational factors)
      • Receptor proteins (binding site of ligands and participates in signal transduction, e.g., acetylcholine receptors)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the importance of carbon in organic molecules, its ability to form multiple bonds and chains, and variations in carbon skeletons that affect molecular properties.

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