Biochemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?

  • A
  • E
  • C
  • B
  • D (correct)

    • Which molecule shown above can function as a base?

  • D
  • B
  • A (correct)
  • C
  • E

    • A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?

  • Sulfhydryl
  • Phosphate
  • Amino (correct)
  • Carboxyl
  • Hydroxyl

    • Organic chemistry is currently defined as:

    <p>The study of carbon compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is not present in this molecule?

    <p>Sulfhydryl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

    <p>Amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

    <p>C₂H₄</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:

    <p>Structural isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action could produce a carbonyl group?

    <p>The replacement of the OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The element present in all organic molecules is

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to

    <p>The chemical versatility of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that

    <p>Living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differences among organisms are caused by

    <p>Differences in the types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials?

    <p>Friedrich Wohler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved that

    <p>Organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hermann Kolbe's synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements was a significant milestone for what reason?

    <p>It proved that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic compounds and disproved the concept of vitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments assumed that early Earth's atmosphere contained

    <p>Ammonia, methane, hydrogen gas, and water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?

    <p>Both simple organic compounds and more complex organic compounds such as amino acids and hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

    <p>Covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

    <p>They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants, they were processed into sugars through photosynthesis, and they are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?

    <p>The carbon atoms ultimately came from carbon dioxide incorporated into sugars through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

    <p>The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

    <p>They have variations in arrangement around a double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that

    <p>Are mirror images of one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?

    <p>The presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will

    <p>Be more constrained in structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except

    <p>By forming enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?

    <p>It should dissolve in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?

    <p>They are nonpolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

    <p>Carboxyl and amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

    <p>Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it

    <p>Would function as both an acid and a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional groups can act as acids?

    <p>Carboxyl and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone and estradiol are

    <p>Structural isomers of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?

    <p>Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following people used this apparatus to study the formation of organic compounds?

    <p>Stanley Miller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as

    <p>Structural isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the

    <p>Arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are

    <p>Structural isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as

    <p>Cis-trans isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?

    <p>Choice C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?

    <p>Pair D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?

    <p>Pair C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of molecules shown below are not enantiomers of a single molecule?

    <p>Pair B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that

    <p>Are mirror images of one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure above?

    <p>Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?

    <p>Structure C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the structures illustrated above contain(s) a carbonyl functional group?

    <p>Structure D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?

    <p>None of the structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the structures illustrated above cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?

    <p>Structure B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?

    <p>Structure A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?

    <p>Structures C and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the groups shown above is a carbonyl functional group?

    <p>Structure B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

    <p>Structure E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?

    <p>Structure C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H⁺ into a solution?

    <p>Structure C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H⁺ and become positively charged?

    <p>Structure D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 7?

    <p>Molecule E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in aqueous solution at pH 7?

    <p>Molecule A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?

    <p>Molecules B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?

    <p>Molecule C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

    <p>Molecule B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?

    <p>Molecule D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?

    <p>Molecule D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule shown above can form a dimer linked by a covalent bond?

    <p>Molecule B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules shown above will form hydrogen bonds with water?

    <p>All of these molecules except B will form hydrogen bonds with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Molecules and Carbon

    • Carbon is the essential element in all organic molecules, highlighting its importance in biological chemistry.
    • The versatility of carbon atoms contributes to the complexity and variety of organic molecules.

    Experimental Biology

    • Current biochemical research operates under the premise that organisms follow physical and chemical laws, allowing the study of life processes using lab-synthesized compounds.

    Organic Compound Synthesis

    • Friedrich Wohler was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic materials, challenging the concept of vitalism.
    • Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated that organic molecules can form abiotically under conditions mimicking early Earth.

    Isomers and Molecular Structures

    • Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.
    • Cis-trans isomers differ in the arrangement around double bonds, while enantiomers are mirror images and possess an asymmetric carbon.

    Functional Groups and Their Properties

    • Hydroxyl groups increase water solubility in organic compounds.
    • Amino acids contain both an amino and a carboxyl group, contributing to their acidic and basic nature.

    Chemical Properties

    • Hydrocarbons, primarily with nonpolar covalent bonds, are insoluble in water.
    • Carbon atoms can form single (covalent) and double bonds, affecting the structural flexibility of molecules.

    Biological Molecules

    • Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers with the same molecular formula, differing primarily in the functional groups attached to their carbon skeletons.
    • Amino groups can function as bases, and carboxyl groups can donate protons, influencing the acidity of organic compounds.

    Acids and Bases in Chemistry

    • Carboxyl and phosphate functional groups can act as acids in biological molecules, releasing H⁺ ions into solutions.
    • Functional groups such as amino groups can accept protons and exhibit basic properties.

    Hydrogen Bonds and Solubility

    • Molecules containing functional groups like hydroxyl or carbonyl can form hydrogen bonds with water, enhancing solubility.

    Hydrocarbons and Double Bonds

    • Molecules with double bonds in their carbon skeleton are categorized under alkenes, while saturated hydrocarbons only contain single bonds.

    Organic Chemistry Definition

    • Organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon compounds, encompassing a wide range of structures and functions in biological systems.

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    Test your knowledge on Chapter 4 of Biochemistry with these flashcards. Explore key concepts about organic molecules, their elements, and the significance of carbon in biological structures. Perfect for revision or quick learning!

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