Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?
Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?
- A
- E
- C
- B
- D (correct)
Which molecule shown above can function as a base?
Which molecule shown above can function as a base?
- D
- B
- A (correct)
- C
- E
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
- Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate
- Amino (correct)
- Carboxyl
- Hydroxyl
Organic chemistry is currently defined as:
Organic chemistry is currently defined as:
Which functional group is not present in this molecule?
Which functional group is not present in this molecule?
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:
Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:
Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule.
Identify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule.
Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
Which action could produce a carbonyl group?
The element present in all organic molecules is
The element present in all organic molecules is
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to
The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that
The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that
Differences among organisms are caused by
Differences among organisms are caused by
Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials?
Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials?
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved that
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments proved that
Hermann Kolbe's synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements was a significant milestone for what reason?
Hermann Kolbe's synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements was a significant milestone for what reason?
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments assumed that early Earth's atmosphere contained
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments assumed that early Earth's atmosphere contained
When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?
When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in a seed-eating bird?
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?
How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C₄H₁₀?
Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that
What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?
What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?
Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will
Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will
Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except
Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms can have different structures in all of the following ways except
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?
Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups?
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?
Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?
A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it
A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water it
Which functional groups can act as acids?
Which functional groups can act as acids?
Testosterone and estradiol are
Testosterone and estradiol are
Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
Which of the following people used this apparatus to study the formation of organic compounds?
Which of the following people used this apparatus to study the formation of organic compounds?
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are
The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
The two molecules shown in the figure above are best described as
Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?
Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C₆H₁₄. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
Which pair of molecules shown below are not enantiomers of a single molecule?
Which pair of molecules shown below are not enantiomers of a single molecule?
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that
Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that
What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure above?
What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure above?
Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?
Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?
Which of the structures illustrated above contain(s) a carbonyl functional group?
Which of the structures illustrated above contain(s) a carbonyl functional group?
In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?
In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?
Which of the structures illustrated above cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?
Which of the structures illustrated above cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?
Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?
Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?
Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?
Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?
Which of the groups shown above is a carbonyl functional group?
Which of the groups shown above is a carbonyl functional group?
Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?
Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?
Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H⁺ into a solution?
Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H⁺ into a solution?
Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H⁺ and become positively charged?
Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H⁺ and become positively charged?
Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 7?
Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in aqueous solution at pH 7?
Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in aqueous solution at pH 7?
Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in aqueous solution at pH 7?
Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?
Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?
Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?
Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?
Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?
Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?
Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?
Which molecule shown above can form a dimer linked by a covalent bond?
Which molecule shown above can form a dimer linked by a covalent bond?
Which molecules shown above will form hydrogen bonds with water?
Which molecules shown above will form hydrogen bonds with water?
Study Notes
Organic Molecules and Carbon
- Carbon is the essential element in all organic molecules, highlighting its importance in biological chemistry.
- The versatility of carbon atoms contributes to the complexity and variety of organic molecules.
Experimental Biology
- Current biochemical research operates under the premise that organisms follow physical and chemical laws, allowing the study of life processes using lab-synthesized compounds.
Organic Compound Synthesis
- Friedrich Wohler was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, from inorganic materials, challenging the concept of vitalism.
- Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated that organic molecules can form abiotically under conditions mimicking early Earth.
Isomers and Molecular Structures
- Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of their atoms.
- Cis-trans isomers differ in the arrangement around double bonds, while enantiomers are mirror images and possess an asymmetric carbon.
Functional Groups and Their Properties
- Hydroxyl groups increase water solubility in organic compounds.
- Amino acids contain both an amino and a carboxyl group, contributing to their acidic and basic nature.
Chemical Properties
- Hydrocarbons, primarily with nonpolar covalent bonds, are insoluble in water.
- Carbon atoms can form single (covalent) and double bonds, affecting the structural flexibility of molecules.
Biological Molecules
- Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers with the same molecular formula, differing primarily in the functional groups attached to their carbon skeletons.
- Amino groups can function as bases, and carboxyl groups can donate protons, influencing the acidity of organic compounds.
Acids and Bases in Chemistry
- Carboxyl and phosphate functional groups can act as acids in biological molecules, releasing H⁺ ions into solutions.
- Functional groups such as amino groups can accept protons and exhibit basic properties.
Hydrogen Bonds and Solubility
- Molecules containing functional groups like hydroxyl or carbonyl can form hydrogen bonds with water, enhancing solubility.
Hydrocarbons and Double Bonds
- Molecules with double bonds in their carbon skeleton are categorized under alkenes, while saturated hydrocarbons only contain single bonds.
Organic Chemistry Definition
- Organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon compounds, encompassing a wide range of structures and functions in biological systems.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 4 of Biochemistry with these flashcards. Explore key concepts about organic molecules, their elements, and the significance of carbon in biological structures. Perfect for revision or quick learning!
