Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the three-mass model of vocal fold vibration?
What is the primary function of the three-mass model of vocal fold vibration?
The posterior vocal folds open last during vibration.
The posterior vocal folds open last during vibration.
False
What is the average fundamental frequency of cis males during conversational speech?
What is the average fundamental frequency of cis males during conversational speech?
approximately 120 Hz
As pitch increases, the vocal fold _______ increases.
As pitch increases, the vocal fold _______ increases.
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Match the following groups with their average fundamental frequencies:
Match the following groups with their average fundamental frequencies:
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Which mechanism primarily influences pitch changes during vocal fold vibration?
Which mechanism primarily influences pitch changes during vocal fold vibration?
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Cis female larynx grows at a faster rate than cis male larynx during puberty.
Cis female larynx grows at a faster rate than cis male larynx during puberty.
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The natural or optimum pitch level is determined by an individual's _______.
The natural or optimum pitch level is determined by an individual's _______.
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Which intrinsic muscle is primarily responsible for increased vocal fold tension?
Which intrinsic muscle is primarily responsible for increased vocal fold tension?
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The modal register refers to the extreme upper portion of the pitch range.
The modal register refers to the extreme upper portion of the pitch range.
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What is the term for the sound produced by phonating quietly at the lowest possible pitch?
What is the term for the sound produced by phonating quietly at the lowest possible pitch?
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Jitter refers to between-cycle differences in ________.
Jitter refers to between-cycle differences in ________.
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Match the following vocal qualities with their descriptions:
Match the following vocal qualities with their descriptions:
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What happens to airflow at a point of constriction according to the conservation of energy?
What happens to airflow at a point of constriction according to the conservation of energy?
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Vocal folds vibrate only after they have completely adducted.
Vocal folds vibrate only after they have completely adducted.
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Name the two factors that contribute to vocal fold adduction during phonation.
Name the two factors that contribute to vocal fold adduction during phonation.
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The theory that explains vocal fold vibration based on physical laws is the __________.
The theory that explains vocal fold vibration based on physical laws is the __________.
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What is the range of phonation threshold pressure (PTP) for normal speech?
What is the range of phonation threshold pressure (PTP) for normal speech?
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Match the components of the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory with their definitions:
Match the components of the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory with their definitions:
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The primary use of laryngeal models is to study vocal fold vibration systematically.
The primary use of laryngeal models is to study vocal fold vibration systematically.
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What is the phonation threshold pressure range for yelling?
What is the phonation threshold pressure range for yelling?
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What is the primary biological function of the larynx?
What is the primary biological function of the larynx?
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The vocal folds are mainly active during biological functions.
The vocal folds are mainly active during biological functions.
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What do vocal folds produce when they vibrate?
What do vocal folds produce when they vibrate?
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The hyoid bone is the only bone not connected to any other _____ .
The hyoid bone is the only bone not connected to any other _____ .
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Match the laryngeal structures with their descriptions:
Match the laryngeal structures with their descriptions:
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What happens to subglottal pressure when the vocal folds are blown apart?
What happens to subglottal pressure when the vocal folds are blown apart?
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The mucosal wave occurs when the vocal folds are adducted.
The mucosal wave occurs when the vocal folds are adducted.
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A puff of air released by the vocal folds is a key part of the _____ wave.
A puff of air released by the vocal folds is a key part of the _____ wave.
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What is the spectral slope of the glottal spectrum?
What is the spectral slope of the glottal spectrum?
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Which of the following muscles is primarily connected to the greater horn of the hyoid bone?
Which of the following muscles is primarily connected to the greater horn of the hyoid bone?
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Which part of the vocal fold is attached to the thyroid cartilage?
Which part of the vocal fold is attached to the thyroid cartilage?
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The glottis is a fixed opening between the vocal folds.
The glottis is a fixed opening between the vocal folds.
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What is the name of the muscle that composes the body of the vocal fold?
What is the name of the muscle that composes the body of the vocal fold?
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The _______ folds sit above the true vocal folds.
The _______ folds sit above the true vocal folds.
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What does the deep layer of lamina propria resemble?
What does the deep layer of lamina propria resemble?
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Match the layers of the lamina propria with their characteristics:
Match the layers of the lamina propria with their characteristics:
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The cartilaginous portion of the vocal fold is closed when whispering.
The cartilaginous portion of the vocal fold is closed when whispering.
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What is the supraglottal region?
What is the supraglottal region?
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The _______ provides the superior entrance to the laryngeal cavity.
The _______ provides the superior entrance to the laryngeal cavity.
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Which statement best describes the body of the vocal fold?
Which statement best describes the body of the vocal fold?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for opening the glottis?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for opening the glottis?
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The Cricothyroid muscle relaxes the vocal folds to lower pitch.
The Cricothyroid muscle relaxes the vocal folds to lower pitch.
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What is the role of the Geniohyoid muscle?
What is the role of the Geniohyoid muscle?
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The __________ muscle is responsible for medial compression of the vocal folds.
The __________ muscle is responsible for medial compression of the vocal folds.
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Match the following intrinsic muscles to their functions:
Match the following intrinsic muscles to their functions:
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence vocal fold vibration rate?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence vocal fold vibration rate?
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The Bernoulli principle states that pressure increases when the speed of a fluid increases.
The Bernoulli principle states that pressure increases when the speed of a fluid increases.
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What does the term 'medial compression' refer to in laryngeal physiology?
What does the term 'medial compression' refer to in laryngeal physiology?
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The Omohyoid muscle extends from the __________ to the hyoid bone.
The Omohyoid muscle extends from the __________ to the hyoid bone.
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Which of the following muscles is an adductor of the vocal folds?
Which of the following muscles is an adductor of the vocal folds?
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Study Notes
Laryngeal Anatomy and Physiology
- The larynx is the primary structure for producing the vibrating air stream needed for speech.
- Vocal folds are the vibrating elements within the larynx that produce a glottal tone.
- The larynx is part of the respiratory system, protecting the lower respiratory tract from food and drink.
- The larynx acts as a valve, crucial for functions like coughing and thoracic fixation.
- Normal breathing involves the vocal folds being abducted (spread widely apart).
Biological Function of Larynx
- The larynx protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign substances.
- It plays a role in a valving mechanism and thoracic fixation.
- It's essential for coughing.
- During normal breathing, the vocal folds abduct—spreading apart.
Glottal Spectrum
- The glottal spectrum generates sound when not actively involved in biological functions.
- Harmonics are present at multiples of the fundamental frequency (Fo).
- Fo can be adjusted for different sounds or intensity levels.
- The spectral slope is approximately -12dB/8ve.
Mucosal Wave
- The mucosal wave is a key component of vocal fold vibration.
- Larger bubbles in the mucosal wave correlate to louder sounds.
- Vocal folds adduct during sound production.
- Subglottal pressure increases and the vocal folds are blown apart to release a puff of air, and the process repeats during normal vocalisation.
Cartilaginous Framework of Larynx
- The thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage, supporting the vocal folds.
- The cricoid cartilage is a complete tracheal ring, crucial for structural support.
- The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped structure that protects the airway during swallowing.
- Arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms are important for the proper movement and support of the vocal folds.
Cavities of Larynx
- The laryngeal vestibule is the area above the vestibular and ventricular folds.
- The aditus is the top entrance to the laryngeal cavity.
- The supraglottal region is above the vocal folds.
- The subglottal region is below the vocal folds.
Vocal Folds
- Vocal folds consist of muscle tissue and vocal ligament.
- The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds.
- The vocal folds are composed of a membranous portion (2/3rds, attached to thyroid cartilage), and a cartilaginous portion(1/3rds, attached to arytenoid cartilage).
Vibrating Anterior 2/3
- The anterior 2/3rds of the vocal folds vibrate during sound production.
- The body of the vocal fold consists of muscle tissue.
Physiology of Vocal Folds
- The cover-body model describes vocal fold vibration involving three layers.
- The cover encompasses the epithelium and superficial lamina propria, is highly compliant.
- The transition layer involves the intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria, which are stiffer.
- The body is made up of the thyroarytenoid muscle (vocalis), is both actively and passively controlled.
Muscles of the Larynx
- Extrinsic muscles connect the larynx to surrounding structures and are crucial for positioning.
- Intrinsic muscles manage the vocal folds' movement and control phonation.
- Important categories of intrinsic muscles based on their function include:
- Abductors (opening the glottis).
- Adductors (closing the glottis).
- Tensors (tensioning the vocal folds).
- Relaxers (relaxation of the vocal folds).
Laryngeal Joints
- Cricoarytenoid joints allow rocking and gliding motions critical for vocal fold adjustments.
- Cricothyroid joints contribute to pitch changes by adjusting tension in the vocal folds.
Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes
- These membranes connect and suspend the larynx from surrounding structures for support.
- Examples mentioned include the thyrohyoid, cricothyroid, and cricotracheal membranes.
Vocal Quality & Voice Registers
- Vocal quality can be affected by factors like breathiness, roughness, and pitch characteristics.
- Voice registers are distinct pitch ranges within an individual's vocal range. Modal and falsetto are mentioned.
Changes Over Lifespan
- Presbyphonia describes age-related changes in voice quality, including aspects like pitch changes and loss of vocal fold mass.
Laryngeal Models
- Laryngeal models simplify the complex vocal fold mechanism, including one-mass and three-mass models for study and understanding.
Parameters of Voice Production
- Vocal features such as pitch range, phonation time, differences in amplitude, and jitter and shimmer affect acoustic quality and expression of sound by the subject.
Mode of Vocal Fold Vibration
- Vocal fold vibration has different characteristics depending upon the mode, including longitudinal and vertical components resulting in distinct acoustic qualities.
Pitch Changing Mechanism
- Fundamental frequency is the average rate of vocal fold vibration and affects the pitch.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of the larynx. This quiz covers the production of sound, the biological functions, and the glottal spectrum involved in speech and respiratory protection. Dive deep into how the larynx operates in both speech and safety functions.
