Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory passage?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the respiratory passage?
Match the following terms with their anatomical feature:
Match the following terms with their anatomical feature:
Diaphragm = Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal viscera Sternum = Bone that connects the rib cage Rib cage = Bony structure that protects the heart and lungs Thoracic cavity = Space bounded by the sternum, rib cage, spine, and diaphragm
What is the main purpose of respiration?
What is the main purpose of respiration?
Ventilation
The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules do not move.
The kinetic theory of gases states that molecules do not move.
Signup and view all the answers
Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is ______ proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.
Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is ______ proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary force responsible for exhalation during quiet breathing?
What is the primary force responsible for exhalation during quiet breathing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name given to the inflammation of the pleural membranes?
What is the name given to the inflammation of the pleural membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
Intrapleural pressure is always higher than atmospheric pressure.
Intrapleural pressure is always higher than atmospheric pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ is the reference pressure for air pressure.
The ______ is the reference pressure for air pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a muscle that helps with forced expiration but not quiet breathing?
Which of these is a muscle that helps with forced expiration but not quiet breathing?
Signup and view all the answers
Alveolar pressure is positive during inspiration and negative during expiration.
Alveolar pressure is positive during inspiration and negative during expiration.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the graphic recording of pulmonary subdivisions called?
What is the graphic recording of pulmonary subdivisions called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a lung volume?
Which of the following is NOT a lung volume?
Signup and view all the answers
Dead air is present within the alveoli.
Dead air is present within the alveoli.
Signup and view all the answers
The amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is called ______.
The amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor that influences the difference in lung measurements between men and women?
What is the primary factor that influences the difference in lung measurements between men and women?
Signup and view all the answers
Lung volumes and capacities are always expressed as percentages of vital capacity.
Lung volumes and capacities are always expressed as percentages of vital capacity.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the number of syllables produced on a single exhalation?
What is the term for the number of syllables produced on a single exhalation?
Signup and view all the answers
"Checking action" in breathing for speech refers to:
"Checking action" in breathing for speech refers to:
Signup and view all the answers
Subglottal pressure is typically higher during sustained vowel production compared to speaking in a normal tone.
Subglottal pressure is typically higher during sustained vowel production compared to speaking in a normal tone.
Signup and view all the answers
The pressure generated entirely by passive forces is referred to as ______ pressure.
The pressure generated entirely by passive forces is referred to as ______ pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the muscles during forced expiration?
What is the primary function of the muscles during forced expiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) primarily evaluates the functionality of the diaphragm.
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) primarily evaluates the functionality of the diaphragm.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name given to the air-tight box used in pulmonary function testing to measure lung volumes?
What is the name given to the air-tight box used in pulmonary function testing to measure lung volumes?
Signup and view all the answers
A flow-volume loop (FVL) is created by having the patient:
A flow-volume loop (FVL) is created by having the patient:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Respiratory System Lecture Notes
- The primary purpose of respiration is ventilation.
- Physical respiration involves gas exchange.
- Chemical respiration involves food + O2 → H2O + CO2 + heat.
- Mechanical respiration involves inhalation and exhalation.
Phases of Speech Production
- Respiration: provides power supply; lungs, lower respiratory tract.
- Phonation: vibrating elements; vocal folds.
- Resonance: filter system; pharyngeal, oral, & nasal cavities.
- Acoustic filter shapes with lips, tongue, & palate
Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Molecules constantly move.
- Exert force when hitting container walls.
- Change in volume changes molecules/volume.
Volume and Pressure
- Boyle's Law: If temperature is constant, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. (p x 1/V)
Physics of Breathing
- Air flows from high to low pressure.
- Airflow volume is proportional to pressure difference.
- Higher pressure difference means faster airflow.
Physics of Breathing (continued)
- Inspiration (inhalation) increases thoracic (chest) volume, creating negative pressure.
- Expiration (exhalation) decreases thoracic (chest) volume, creating positive pressure.
Respiratory Passage
- Vocal tract filters, moistens, warms air.
- 1 nasal cavity (nose)
- 2 oral cavity (mouth)
- 3 pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voicebox) protects lower respiratory passages, fixes the thorax, and separates upper & lower tracts.
- Trachea (windpipe)
- 6 bronchi extend from trachea.
Bronchial Tree
- Trachea has a horseshoe-shaped cartilage anterior to the esophagus.
- Incomplete portion located posteriorly.
- Shared wall with esophagus; last tracheal cartilage bifurcates into 2 mainstem bronchi.
- Lined with mucous membrane (epithelium) and cilia.
- Left lung has 3 sections due to the heart's position.
Bronchioles and Alveoli
- Bronchioles are the final division of bronchi.
- Cross-sectional area of subdivisions is greater than parent.
- Terminal bronchioles.
- Alveolar ducts.
- Alveoli (small depressions in terminal bronchioles and air sacs).
- Rapid exchange of O2 and CO2.
Properties of Alveoli
- Lung elasticity is a collapsing force.
- Some elasticity due to tissue resistance (≈2/3).
- Balanced by surfactant.
- Surfactant lowers surface tension (interfacial tension) between blood and air in alveoli.
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): lack of surfactant in the lungs.
Lungs
- Include bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and blood vessels.
- Thorax (chest cavity) is between the diaphragm and neck.
- Mostly contains heart and lungs.
- Thoracic cavity is bounded by sternum, rib cage, spine, and the diaphragm.
- Diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle separating lung bases from abdominal viscera, abdomen's digestive system, glands, and other organs.
Framework of Breathing Mechanism: Torso
- 1 vertebral column.
- 2 rib cage.
- 3 pelvis.
Vertebrae
- Cervical (7).
- Thoracic (12): have articular facets for ribs.
- Lumbar (5).
- Sacral (5): fused together.
- Coccygeal (3-5) or Coccyx: fused together.
Ribs
- 12 pairs of flat, arch-shaped bones.
- Slope downward from back to front.
- Attached to sternum via costal cartilage.
- Lowest ribs share cartilage.
Movement of Ribs in Breathing
- Thoracic cavity increases in 3 dimensions:
- Vertical: diaphragm contraction.
- Transverse: raising curved ribs.
- Anteroposterior: simultaneous forward & upward movement of sternum.
- Muscles lowering ribs are expiratory.
- Muscles raising ribs are inspiratory.
Rotational Axes of Ribs
- Bucket handle: transverse increase.
- Pump handle: anteroposterior increase.
Pelvic Girdle
- "Floor" for abdominal viscera.
Pectoral Girdle
- Provides attachment for upper limbs of the torso.
- Clavicle (collarbone).
- Scapula (shoulder blade).
- Articulates with lateral end of clavicle.
Pleurae
- "Shrink wrap"
- Parietal (costal) pleura: membrane lining thoracic cavity.
- Visceral pleura: membrane surrounding lungs.
- Intrapleural fluid: between pleurae.
- Intrapleural pressure/transpulmonary pressure: always less than atmospheric.
- Intrapleural gases absorbed by visceral pleura.
- Other gases cannot enter.
Pleurae (continued)
- Pleural linkage: lung surfaces held to inner surface of thoracic wall.
- Provides friction-free surfaces for lung/thoracic movements.
- Expansion of thoracic wall and elastic recoil of lungs.
- Pleurisy/pleuritis: inflammation of pleural membranes.
- Pneumothorax: accumulation of gas in pleural cavity, resulting in a collapsed lung.
Respiratory Pressures
- Air pressure reference pressure (zero by definition).
- Intrapleural pressure: between visceral and parietal pleurae (always negative).
- Always negative relative to alveolar pressure within lungs.
- Intra-oral and subglottal pressures change from positive to negative with inspiration.
- Subglottal pressure below larynx is always the same as alveolar pressure.
Musculature of Breathing Mechanism
- Muscles contract.
- Thoracic cavity increases volume.
- Lungs expand via pleural linkage.
- Negative pressure occurs due to Boyle's Law.
- Air flows into the lungs.
- Muscles cease contracting.
- Thoracic cavity shrinks due to elastic recoil.
- Positive pressure occurs due to Boyle's Law.
- Air flows out of the lungs.
Pressure and Flow
- Alveolar pressure is zero at the beginning and end of inspiration and expiration.
- Flow is zero when pressure is zero.
- Alveolar pressure drops during inspiration; drop in pressure creates inward airflow.
- Alveolar pressure increases during expiration; increase in pressure creates outward airflow.
Musculature of Breathing Mechanism (continued)
- Quiet breathing: expiratory forces are passive.
- Forced expiration: exhalation beyond passive (contraction of abdominal muscles).
Diaphragm
- Divides torso into thorax and abdomen.
- Inverted bowl shape.
- May be the only muscle involved in quiet breathing.
- Central tendon: tough, inelastic tissue.
- Diaphragm contraction causes vertical enlargement of thorax.
Action of Diaphragm
-
- Thoracic volume increases.
-
- Intrapulmonic pressure decreases.
-
- Abdominal volume decreases.
-
- Intra-abdominal pressure increases.
Intercostal Muscles
- Between ribs.
- Internal intercostals: depress ribs.
- External intercostals: elevate ribs (90° from each other.).
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
- Muscles that lower ribs → exhalation.
- Muscles that raise ribs → inhalation.
Thoracic Muscles
- Transversus thoracic: deep muscle, sternum → costal cart, depresses ribs.
- Costal elevators (levator costarum): vertebrae (C7–T11) → next lower rib, rib raisers.
- Serratus posterior superior/inferior: elevate/lower ribs.
Muscles of the Neck
- Sternocleidomastoid: sternum & clavicle → mastoid process of temporal bone; bilateral contraction elevates sternum and clavicle, increases anteroposterior size.
- Scalenes (anterior, medius, posterior): deep muscles of anterolateral region of neck; cervical vertebrae → 2 upper ribs (elevators).
Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles
- Compress abdominal contents, forcing expiration.
- External obliques: lower ribs → abdominal aponeurosis (largest, strongest, most superficial).
- Internal obliques: deep muscles opposite to external obliques; same role.
- Transversus abdominis: horizontal course; ribs, vertebrae, pelvic girdle → abdominal aponeurosis (deepest).
- Rectus abdominis: superficial muscle parallel to midline; enclosed by abdominal aponeurosis; pelvic girdle → lower ribs and xyphoid process.
Posterior Muscles
- Serratus posterior superior/inferior: elevate/lower ribs.
Measurement of Pulmonary Subdivisions
- Spirometer: graphic recording of pulmonary subdivisions.
- Lung volumes: non-overlapping volumes.
- Lung capacities: combination of 2 or more lung volumes (defined relative to REL—resting expiratory level).
Lung Volumes
- Tidal volume (TV): Volume inhaled/exhaled in a single respiratory cycle.
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): maximum volume inhalable beyond TV cycle.
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): maximum exhaled after quiet expiration.
- Residual volume (RV): quantity remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.
Lung Capacities
- Vital capacity (VC): exhaled after maximum inhalation (IRV + TV + ERV).
- Inspiratory capacity (IC): maximum inhalable from REL (TV + IRV).
- Functional residual capacity (FRC): quantity of air at REL (ERV + RV).
- Total lung capacity (TLC): quantity of air in lungs at maximum inhalation (TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
Dead Air
- Last air inhaled and remains in upper respiratory system; no O2/CO2 exchange.
Respiratory Measurements
- Vital Capacity: amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inhalation.
- Total Lung Capacity: quantity of air in lungs at maximum inhalation.
Effects of Body Position
- Abdominal viscera press diaphragm upward.
- Increase in pulmonary blood volume decreases pulmonary air space.
Breathing for Speech
- Speech is interrupted by ventilatory requirements.
- Egressive speech is produced on outflowing air.
- Ingressive speech is produced on inflowing air.
- Breath group: number of syllables produced in one expiration.
Differences Between Quiet and Speech Breathing
- Oral cavity used for speech.
- Respiratory cycles are different (40% inspiration quiet, 10% inspiration speech).
- Greater volume of air used in speech.
- Several additional muscles are used for speech (diaphragm and external intercostals for quiet breathing).
- Quiet breathing is passive/reflexive.
- Differences become apparent by two years of age.
Respiratory Pressures (continued)
- Subglottal pressure during sustained vowel: relatively constant.
- Relaxation pressure too great for sustained vowel at high lung volumes due to recoil forces.
- Gravity.
- Muscle relaxation.
- Lung elasticity.
- Twisting force (torque) on ribs.
Relaxation Pressure
- Relaxation pressure: pressure generated by passive forces.
- Equals 0 at resting level (REL).
- Positive following inhalation.
- Remains positive until returned to REL.
- Negative following forced expiration
Relaxation Pressure Curve
- Pressure generated from passive forces.
- Lungs, chest wall, and abdominal viscera.
- Lower limit attributed to chest wall, upper limit to chest wall and lungs.
- Muscle changes needed to maintain pressure; Louder - sooner you'll need to use expiratory muscles.
Maintenance of Constant Subglottal Pressure
- Checking action: muscular activity to prevent thorax-lung recoil and excessive subglottal pressure.
- Subglottal pressure proportional to vocal intensity
Sequence of Muscle Activity
- Shows a detailed graph of volume and pressure changes in relation to time.
What Forces Are Involved in Breathing?
- When lungs and ribcage are compressed, they want to recoil and get bigger.
- When lungs and ribcage are expanded, they want to recoil and get smaller.
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
- Common spirometric measures:
- FVC: Amount of air exhaled forcefully after maximum inhalation.
- FEV1: Amount of air exhaled forcefully in one breath in one second.
- Norms are based on age, gender, height, size, and race.
- Severity of reductions in FVC and FEV1 can be mild through very severe.
Flow-Volume Loop (FVL)
- Inhale as deeply as possible
- Exhale as much as possible
Plethysmograph
- Measures lung volumes using an air-tight box.
- Air from external environment; pressure from lung expansion measures on the box.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the respiratory system with this quiz. It covers essential concepts such as the anatomy of the respiratory passages, principles of gases, and functions of the respiratory muscles. See how well you understand the mechanics and physiology of breathing.
