psych chapter 10

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Questions and Answers

According to the humanistic approach to motivation, what is considered the ultimate goal in life?

Accumulating wealth and material possessions.
Maintaining physical health and longevity.
Achieving a high social status within the community.
Self-actualization, living to one's full potential and dreams. (correct)

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of an adaptive trait, according to evolutionary psychology?

A characteristic that enhances an individual's physical strength.
A behavior that ensures an individual's survival in harsh environments.
A cognitive ability that allows for complex problem-solving.
A trait that increases the likelihood of successful reproduction. (correct)

Which of the following is the MOST likely outcome associated with the ability to delay gratification in childhood?

Greater overall success in life, including improved social competence and academic achievements. (correct)
Increased likelihood of experiencing social isolation due to a focus on long-term goals.
Higher risk of engaging in impulsive behaviors during adolescence.
Decreased capacity for empathy and understanding others' immediate needs.

When formulating a SMART goal, what does the 'M' in the acronym specifically refer to?

Measurable: the goal should have defined metrics for tracking progress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST exemplifies decision-making driven by 'cold cognition'?

Selecting a healthy meal option while consciously considering long-term health benefits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level focuses on aspects such as morality, creativity, and problem-solving?

Self-actualization (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the evolutionary perspective on motivation, what is considered a primary ultimate goal of life?

Reproducing and enhancing species survival (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how the evolutionary perspective explains the motivation to reproduce?

Biological and psychological needs drive individuals to reproduce, enhancing the likelihood of passing on their genes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary theory, what is the relationship between heritable traits and survival?

Heritable traits that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to become prevalent. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key observation that supports the theory of evolution?

Organisms exhibit endless variation in characteristics, some of which are heritable. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does natural selection explain the prevalence of certain traits in a population?

Traits that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on and become prevalent. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a population of birds exhibits variation in beak size, and birds with larger beaks are more efficient at cracking seeds during a drought, what outcome would natural selection predict?

The average beak size will increase over time as birds with larger beaks have a higher survival and reproductive rate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a population of birds, larger beaks are favored during a drought because they can crack open tougher seeds, while smaller beaks are more efficient at collecting small seeds in wetter years. Over many generations, what type of selection is most likely occurring?

Disruptive selection, favoring both large and small beaks depending on environmental conditions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates Bateman's principle regarding reproductive success in most species?

Males' reproductive success increases proportionally with the number of matings, whereas females' reproductive success plateaus after one mating. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A population of fish lives in a lake. Fish with bright coloration are more attractive to mates but also more visible to predators. Fish with dull coloration are less attractive but better camouflaged. Over time, most of the fish in the lake develop a moderate coloration. What type of selection is most likely at play?

Stabilizing selection favoring moderate coloration. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a population of butterflies, larger wings allow for better long-distance migration, but smaller wings allow for quicker escape from predators in confined spaces. If environmental conditions alternate between favoring long-distance migration in some years and predator evasion in others, what type of selection would likely occur?

Disruptive selection, favoring either large or small wings depending on environmental conditions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A scientist observes that in a bird population, males with the most elaborate and colorful plumage attract more mates, but are also more vulnerable to predators. Despite the predation risk, the trait persists. Which concept best explains this phenomenon?

Fitness, as the trait increases reproductive success despite survival costs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering Bateman's principle, which outcome would be expected in a species where males provide significant parental care and females compete aggressively for access to these males?

Females would exhibit greater variance in mating success than males. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A population of plants experiences a shift in climate, leading to longer and more severe droughts. Plants with deeper roots are better able to access water, increasing their survival and reproduction rates. Over several generations, what is likely to occur in the plant population?

Directional selection favoring plants with deeper root systems, leading to a gradual increase in the prevalence of deep roots. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A population of insects exhibits variation in pesticide resistance. In an environment where pesticides are heavily used, which of the following is most likely to occur over time?

Directional selection favoring insects with high pesticide resistance, leading to a population dominated by resistant individuals. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a population where smaller individuals are better at hiding from predators and larger individuals are more successful in competition for resources, what type of selection is most likely to occur if both pressures persist?

Disruptive selection favoring both small and large individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies best reflects a female's evolutionary approach to maximizing reproductive success, according to the information provided?

Prioritizing partners who demonstrate a willingness and capacity to invest resources in offspring. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of evolutionary psychology, why might a female prioritize a partner's income, status, and ambition?

To gain access to resources that enhance the survival and well-being of offspring. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of a 'harem' in the animal kingdom illustrate differing reproductive strategies between males and females?

It shows males competing for access to females, while females primarily choose the most dominant male with exclusive access. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the composition of a human harem and a harem in the animal kingdom?

Human harems consist of wives, unmarried daughters, and servants, while animal harems consist of a dominant male and sexually active females. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how males and females differ in their strategies to maximize reproductive success, as reflected in the structure and order of a harem?

Males seek a large number of sexual partners, while females seek partners with high status and resources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary reason why females in certain bird species might prefer males with elaborate ornamentation?

Elaborate ornamentation is directly correlated with the male's physical strength and health. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A female bird prioritizes selecting a mate who demonstrates a long-term commitment. What is the most likely evolutionary advantage of this behavior?

Increased likelihood of offspring survival due to paternal care and protection. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the evolutionary approach to motivation, what does research tend to focus on when studying human behavior across different cultures?

Identifying commonalities between people, aiming to pinpoint cultural universals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a certain human trait is identified as a cultural universal, what could evolutionary psychology suggest about its origin?

It could be either an adaptation that enhances survival or a by-product of another adaptive behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does natural selection influence the mate selection process in female birds?

Natural selection favors females that choose mates who enhance the likelihood of her offspring's success. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mating strategies, which of the following statements best explains the differing biological realities between male and female birds?

Males have minimal reproductive investment and uncertain paternity, while females have very high investment per offspring. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the evolutionary approach explain seemingly altruistic behaviors, such as donating to charity, even though they don't directly result in reproduction?

Altruism may initially have been beneficial for kin selection and may have been generalized to larger groups of individuals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate 'goal' of life from an evolutionary perspective?

Reproducing and passing on one's genes to future generations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Given the biological realities of male birds, which behavioral outcome is most likely to be favored by evolution?

Increased interest in uncommitted sex and seeking multiple sexual partners. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the differences in reproductive investment between males and females, which of the following scenarios best illustrates an evolutionary-driven behavior?

A male seeking multiple sexual partners with minimal long-term commitment to maximize reproductive opportunities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a male bird's access to resources influence a female's choice of mate?

Better access to resources improves the survival and health of both the female and her offspring. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How might a female bird's careful mate selection reduce the risk of losing her reproductive investment?

By choosing a mate who is likely to provide parental care, safeguarding the offspring's survival. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Given evolutionary pressures, what characteristics might a male bird display to attract more female partners, according to the provided information?

Youthfulness, physical attractiveness, and signs of abundant resources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of avian mating, how does the certainty of paternity influence male behavior?

Uncertainty of paternity decreases the likelihood of paternal care. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a male bird's physical condition would be most indicative of 'good genes' to a discerning female?

Elaborate, well-maintained ornamentation signaling health and vigor. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A model describing a hierarchy of human needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization.

Self-Actualization

The need to achieve one's full potential, including morality, creativity, and acceptance.