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Questions and Answers

What is the capital of France? (example question)

Paris (correct)

London

Berlin

Madrid

Тіршіліктің жасушасыз формасы?

Вирустар (correct)

Бактерия

Саңырауқұлақ

Балдыр

Өсімдіктер

Жасушаның ашылған жылы?

1838-1839

1865

1665 (correct)

1809

1859

Жасушаны ашқан адам:

Р.Гук Signup and view all the answers

Жасуша теориясын қалыптастырған ғалым:

T.Шванн Signup and view all the answers

Жасушаның бөліну жолдары:

Эндомитоз Signup and view all the answers

Қалыпты адам кариотипі қанша хромосомалардан тұрады?

46 Signup and view all the answers

Жасушаның қандай бөлінуінде хромосома саны тұрақты сол күйінде қалады?

Митоз Signup and view all the answers

Жасушаның қандай бөлінуінде хромосома саны екі есеге азаяды (кемиді)?

MМейоз Signup and view all the answers

Жасушаны бөлуде қандай органоид белсенді рөл атқарады?

Жасушалық орталық Signup and view all the answers

Жасуша циклінің қандай кезеңінде ДНҚ молекуласы екі еселенеді?

Синтездік Signup and view all the answers

Тұқым қуалау белгілері:

Кез келген белгінің тұқымдау мінезі Signup and view all the answers

Адам кариотипінің А тобына қанша хромосомалар топтастырылады?

Ірі субметацентрлік Signup and view all the answers

Тұқым қуалаушылық түрлері:

Хромосомалық, цитоплазмалық Signup and view all the answers

Жыныс жасушаларының бөліну жолдары?

Mейоз Signup and view all the answers

Митоздық хромосомалардың түріне жатпайды?

Субцентрлі Signup and view all the answers

ДНҚ синтезі жасуша циклінің қай фазасында жүреді?

Синтездік фазасында жүреді Signup and view all the answers

Xроматиннің құрамы:

ДНҚ молекуласынан гистонды ақуыздар Signup and view all the answers

Гомеостаз терминін ғылымға енгізген?

B.Кеннон Signup and view all the answers

Процессинг дегеніміз?

Экзондық учаскелердің жалғануы Signup and view all the answers

Сплайсинг дегеніміз?

Экзондық учаскелердің жалғануы Signup and view all the answers

Репрессор гені?

реттеуші ген Signup and view all the answers

Промотор дегеніміз:

ақпараттың көшірілуінің басталу нүктесі Signup and view all the answers

Генеалогиялық әдіс:

адам шежіресін құрастыру және талдау Signup and view all the answers

Пробанд дегеніміз:

шежіре құрастыруға себепші адам Signup and view all the answers

Мутация түрлеріне жатпайды:

генотиптік Signup and view all the answers

Гендік мутациялар:

транзициялық Signup and view all the answers

Хромосомалық мутацияларға жатпайды:

трансверсия Signup and view all the answers

Геномдық мутациялар:

анеуплоидия Signup and view all the answers

Адам генетикасының зерттеу әдістері:

тарихи Signup and view all the answers

Kариотип дегеніміз:

хромосома саны, пішіні, мөлшері Signup and view all the answers

Адам кариотипінің 45 болуы қандай өзгерістерге жатады?

моносомия Signup and view all the answers

Полиплоидия:

хромосома санының еселеп өсуі Signup and view all the answers

Клайнфельтер синдромына тән кариотипті тап:

47 xxx Signup and view all the answers

Бластула түрлеріне жатпайды:

бластопора Signup and view all the answers

Гаструланың құрылысы:

гастроцель Signup and view all the answers

Гаструляция жолдары:

гомоморфоз Signup and view all the answers

Эмбриогенездің жасушалық механизмдеріне жатпайды:

таңдамалы іріктену Signup and view all the answers

Эмбриондық жасушалар өздерінің дамуында қандай сатылардан өтпейді:

репликация Signup and view all the answers

Эмбриогенез механизмдері:

эмбриондық индукция Signup and view all the answers

Пубертаттық секіру қай кезде байқалады?

11-13 жаста Signup and view all the answers

Пубертаттық секіру кезінде:

ағзаның өсуі күрт жоғарылайды Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Viral Forms of Life

Viruses are acellular.
Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce without a host.

Cell Discovery

Cells were discovered in 1665.
Robert Hooke discovered cells.

Cell Theory

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann developed the cell theory.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of life.

Cell Division Methods

Mitosis and meiosis are cell division methods.
Mitosis maintains the chromosome number.
Meiosis halves the chromosome number.

Cell Division Organelles

The cell center plays a key role in cell division.

DNA Replication Phase

DNA replication occurs during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

Heredity Traits

Traits passed down through generations are called heredity traits.
Inherited characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring.

Human Karyotype

A normal human karyotype has 46 chromosomes.
The human karyotype is organized into groups based on chromosome size and shape.

Types of Mutations

Mutations include gene, chromosome, and genomic mutations.
Gene mutations involve changes in the nucleotide sequence.
Chromosome mutations involve changes in chromosome structure.
Genomic mutations involve changes in the number of chromosomes.

Methods of Studying Human Genetics

Cytogenetic methods are used to study human genetics.

Karyotype Definition

Karyotype refers to the number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an organism.

Chromosome Number Abnormalities

Monosomy (45 chromosomes) is a change in chromosome number.
Trisomy (47 chromosomes) is a change in chromosome number.

Polyploidy

Polypoidy involves a multiple increase in chromosomes.

Human Genetic Syndromes

Klinefelter syndrome is associated with a 47, XXY karyotype.

Blastula Types

Several blastula types include: blastopore, coeloblastula, amphiblastula, and discoblastula.

Gastrula Structure

Gastrula has structures like blastoderm, ectoderm, endoderm, and blastopore.

Gastrulation Types

Gastrulation includes methods like epiboly and invagination.

Embryogenesis

Embryogenesis involves cellular mechanisms like differentiation, migration, and cell death.

Embryonic Stages

Replicates, totipotency, and differentiation are embryonic stages.

Puberty

Puberty typically occurs between ages 11-13.
Puberty involves rapid growth and hormonal changes.

Congenital Malformations

Congenital malformations are structural abnormalities present at birth.

Protein Structure

Primary structure involves the sequence of amino acids.

Protein Functions

Proteins have diverse functions, like enzymatic, defensive, and transport roles.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes have active sites that are important in protein synthesis.

Genetic Code

The genetic code was found in 1961.
Scientists like Nierenberg and others confirmed the three-base (triplet) code of genetic materials.

Gene Pool

Gene pool is the collective genetic information of a population.

Gene Pool Factors

Factors affecting a gene pool include gene drift, environmental changes, and mutations.

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis has three stages.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering involves modifying genetic materials to construct recombinant DNA.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology utilizes biological systems or their components for industrial or other processes.

Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic organisms are ones with altered genetic content.

Cloning

Cloning creates exact duplicates of organisms or cells.

Respiratory Process

Cytochromes regulate the respiratory process.

Protein Molecular Mass

Molecular mass of some proteins differs.

Transcription and Translation

Transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm and inside the cell nucleus respectively.

Translation Factors

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed for the second stage of translation.

Protein Definition

Proteins are high-molecular-weight organic compounds composed of amino acids.

Dispersion Definition

Dispersion is a statistic showing variability in traits.

Population-Statistical Methods.

Population-statistical methods are used to determine the frequency of a specific genotype in a population.

Biochemical Methods

Biochemical methods are used to study enzyme activity and protein activity.

Heredity Definition

Heredity is defined by the passing of traits and characteristics from one generation to the next in biological organisms.

Heredity

Heredity describes the transmission of traits from parent(s) to offspring.

Plasmids

Plasmids are autonomously replicating DNA elements independent of chromosomes.

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy corrects genetic defects.

Repair Definition

DNA repair is a molecular process to fix damaged genetic materials.

Variability Definition

Variability in organisms is the differences among organisms.

Phenotypic Variability

Phenotypic variability is environmental influences on an organism's traits.

Genotypic Variability

Genotypic variability occurs when there is an alteration in the genetic makeup of organisms.

Transversions

Transversions are base substitutions where a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa.

Preformationism Theory

Preformationism suggests fully formed miniature versions of organisms exist within sex cells.

Epigenesis Theory

Epigenesis argues that organisms develop gradually through growth and differentiation.

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Incomplete metamorphosis involves an insect emerging from egg into larva, then into an adult form.

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction occurs without fertilization.

Ecology Definition

Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

Ecological Factors

Ecological factors are environmental aspects impacting living beings.

Industrial Era

The industrial era lasted roughly 100 to 200 years.

Adaptation

Some organisms adapt to long-term environmental changes.

Adaptations Based on Geographic Location

Organisms in some areas adapt to their local environments.

Adaptations Based on Lifestyle

Lifestyle influences how organisms adapt to their environments.

Species Population

Populations are groups of individuals within a species living in a particular area.

Biosphere Reserves

Biosphere reserves were conceptualized in the 1970s.

Human-Biosphere Programme

The Human-Biosphere Programme is an initiative of UNESCO.

Biological Community

A biological community is a group of interacting populations in a particular area.

Hypoxia

Hypoxia, a condition of oxygen deficiency, occurs in high-altitude areas.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics studies evolutionary relationships.

Ontogenesis and Phylogenetics

Ontogenesis and phylogenesis are related concepts.

Population Gene Pool

Changes in a population's gene pool are part of the evolutionary process.

Hypertrichosis

Hypertrichosis is a condition characterized by very dense hair growth.

Complete Metamorphosis

Complete metamorphosis involves an organism transitioning through egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages.

Embryological

Embryological development encompasses various stages and mechanisms.

Early Developmental Stages

Early development stages include gastrula, blastula, etc.

Developmental Abnormalities

Developmental abnormalities can result in structural issues.

Macrosomia Definition

Macrosomia is a condition characterized by a larger infant size than expected.

Sexual Processes-Complexity

Oogamy and anisogamy are specialized forms of sexual reproduction.

Forms of Evolution

Several processes influence evolutionary changes.

Evolutionary Concepts

There are concepts about how evolution occurs.

Evolutionary Relationships

Evolutionary relationships are explained in terms of phylogeny.

Hybrid Crosses

Monohybrid crosses produce offspring with specific genotypes.

Gregor Mendel's Second Law

Gregor Mendel's second law involves independent assortment.

DNA Replication

Self-replication is a critical function of DNA.

Replication Mechanisms

Various mechanisms are involved.

Protein synthesis involves various factors.

Plastids

Plastids develop from proplastids.

Genetic Engineering Applications

Genetic engineering has several applications and concepts.

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