60 Questions
Which study design attempts to control and monitor potential confounding variables and manipulate a variable of interest in order to establish cause and effect?
Analytic study
What is the purpose of a case-control study design?
To understand the relationship between variables
What is the main difference between a case-control study design and a cross-sectional study design?
The manipulation of a variable of interest
What is the purpose of the Bradford-Hill criteria?
To establish cause and effect
What does a confounder variable influence in a study?
The association between variables
What is the purpose of a cross-sectional study design?
To understand the relationship between variables
What do correlation and association studies aim to understand?
The relationship between variables
Which study design involves random allocation into groups and is considered the gold standard for establishing causation?
Randomised Controlled Trial
Which study design is used to calculate incidences or new onsets of a disease?
Cohort study
Which study design involves selecting two groups of participants - one with the condition (cases) and one without (controls) - and matching variables not of interest at selection?
Case-control study
Which study design involves selecting participants based on exposure and putting them into exposed vs non-exposed groups?
Cohort study
Which study design involves surveying a population to measure health outcomes, exposure, and demographics at a specific time and place?
Cross-sectional study
Which study design is always carried out retrospectively and selects the sample based on outcome status?
Case-control study
Which study design is used to identify relevant exposures quickly and easily and collects data from surveys or patient records?
Case-control study
According to the Bradford-Hill criteria, which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for causation?
Biological gradient
Which of the following best describes the temporal relationship criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The exposure must precede the disease
In the context of the HIV/AIDS case-control study, what does the term 'specificity' refer to?
The development of AIDS only in people with HIV
Which of the following best describes the consistency criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The association must be consistent across different studies
What is the main purpose of a cohort study in the context of studying HIV/AIDS?
To determine the strength of association between HIV and AIDS
Which of the following best describes the plausibility criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The association must be plausible
In the context of the HIV/AIDS case-control study, what does the term 'analogy' refer to?
The association analogues to known causal relationship
Which of the following is a key factor in the progression to AIDS and mortality in individuals with HIV?
Increased viral loads
Which of the following best describes the strength of association between HIV viral load and AIDS incidence?
Strong association
Which type of study design is considered the best evidence for establishing a causal association between exposure and outcome?
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking HIV to AIDS?
Plausibility
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key types of study design mentioned in the text?
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Which study design involves selecting participants based on exposure and putting them into exposed vs non-exposed groups?
Case-control study
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of similar animal viruses causing immunodeficiency, wasting disorders, neurodegeneration, and death?
Analogy
Which type of study design is always carried out retrospectively and selects the sample based on outcome status?
Case-control study
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of experimental evidence supporting the association between reduced viral loads and reduced AIDS incidence?
Experimental evidence
Which of the following best describes the purpose of epidemiological research?
To understand associations between exposures and outcomes
What does the term 'causation' refer to in the context of epidemiological research?
The relationship between exposures and outcomes
Which of the following best describes the purpose of a case-control study design?
To identify relevant exposures quickly and easily
Which of the following best describes the difference between analytical and descriptive study designs?
Analytical study designs aim to establish causation, while descriptive study designs focus on describing associations
Which study design is considered the gold standard for establishing causation?
Randomized controlled trial
What is the purpose of the Bradford-Hill criteria?
To establish causation in observational studies
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking exposure to outcome?
Plausibility
What is the main purpose of a case-control study design?
To select participants based on exposure and put them into exposed vs non-exposed groups
Which of the following study designs is NOT able to show temporal specificity?
Cross-sectional study
Which study design is commonly used to identify exposures quickly and easily, often collecting data from surveys or patient records?
Cross-sectional study
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking HIV to AIDS?
Plausibility
Which study design involves selecting participants based on exposure and putting them into exposed vs non-exposed groups?
Case-control study
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
Biological gradient
What does the criterion of specificity in the Bradford-Hill criteria for causation mean?
An association is associated with a single disease of interest
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking HIV to AIDS?
Plausibility
What is the purpose of a cross-sectional study design?
To survey a population to measure health outcomes, exposure, and demographics at a specific time and place
Which study design is best for measuring prevalence and looking for associations, but not good for measuring causation?
Cross-sectional study
What is the main difference between a case-control study design and a cross-sectional study design?
The selection of participants
Which criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria refers to the presence of a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking variables?
Plausibility
Which type of study design is always carried out retrospectively and selects the sample based on outcome status?
Case-control study
Which type of study design involves selecting participants based on exposure and putting them into exposed vs non-exposed groups?
Case-control study
Which of the following best describes the plausibility criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
There is a plausible pathophysiological mechanism linking the exposure to the outcome.
Which of the following best describes the consistency criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The association between the exposure and outcome is consistent across multiple studies.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key types of study design mentioned in the text?
Experimental study
Which of the following best describes the biological gradient criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The greater viral load of HIV leading to a greater progression and mortality of AIDS.
Which of the following study designs is considered the best evidence for establishing a causal association between HIV and AIDS?
Randomized controlled trial
What does the term 'plausibility' refer to in the context of the HIV/AIDS case-control study?
The presence of a unique physiological mechanism of how HIV aids through the loss of lymphocytes compared to other similar animal viruses causing immunodeficiencies.
Which of the following best describes the analogy criterion for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
The association between HIV and AIDS across multiple study designs, locations, settings, and time.
What is the main purpose of a cross-sectional study design in the context of studying HIV/AIDS?
To identify relevant exposures quickly and easily and collect data from surveys or patient records.
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for causation according to the Bradford-Hill criteria?
Biological gradient
Test your knowledge of the Bradford-Hill criteria for causation with this quiz. Learn about the 9 criteria proposed by Bradford Hill in 1965 that support the strength of association to be considered a "cause". Explore concepts such as strength of association, temporal relationship, specificity, consistency, and more. Challenge yourself to understand the factors that determine causation in scientific research.
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