Untitled Quiz

Raw facts about a person, place, thing, or object.
Can be represented in various forms, including text, numbers, images, audio, video, graphs, document files
Building blocks of information
An important asset for modern businesses
Gains relevance depending on the context

An organized collection of logically related data.
Can be of any size and complexity.
Structured for easy storage, manipulation, and retrieval by users.
Examples: Personal contact list on a laptop, large enterprise databases used for decision-making.

A collection of programs that manage database structure and control access to data.
Acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.
Enables data sharing.
Integrates various user views of the data.

Modern database management system based on the relational model introduced by E.F.Codd.
Uses tables to represent data.
Each table has a primary key.
Data is represented as tuples (rows).
Popular examples: SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, Microsoft Access.

Based on real-world entities and their relationships.
Depicts entity sets, relationship sets, attributes, and constraints.
Useful for conceptual database design.
Key Components:
- Entities: Objects of data.
- Attributes: Properties of an entity.
- Relationships: Connections between entities.
ER Diagram Symbols:
- Rectangle: Represents an entity set.
- Ellipse: Represents an attribute.
- Diamond: Represents a relationship set.
- Line: Links attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets.

Types of Attributes:
- Key attribute: Uniquely identifies an entity.
- Composite attribute: Combination of other attributes.
- Multivalued attribute: Holds multiple values.
- Derived attribute: Value derived from another attribute.

Types of Relationships:
- One to One: Single instance of one entity associated with a single instance of another entity.
- One to Many: Single instance of one entity associated with multiple instances of another entity.
- Many to One: Multiple instances of one entity associated with a single instance of another entity.
- Many to Many: Multiple instances of one entity associated with multiple instances of another entity.

Represents data and relationships within a single object.
Stores various data types, including audio, pictures, and videos.
Advantages: Code reusability through inheritance, better understandability, reduced maintenance costs due to inheritance.
Disadvantages: Not fully developed, limited user acceptance.

Organize data in fixed-format records with fields or attributes.
Types:
- Hierarchical Data Model: Tree-like structure with one-to-many relationships.
- Network Data Model: Graph-like structure with multiple parent nodes.
- Relational Data Model: Uses tables, columns, and relational operators for data manipulation.

Data organized in a tree-like structure with one root node.
One-to-many relationship between parent and child nodes.
Example: Index of a book, recipes.
Advantages: Simplicity, Data Integrity, Data security, Efficiency, Easy availability of expertise.
Disadvantages: Complexity, Inflexibility, Lack of Data Independence, Limited querying capabilities, Lack of standards.

Uses tables to represent data and relationships.
Each table has unique column names.
Low-level model.
Advantages: Structural Independence, Simplicity, Easy design and implementation, Ad-hoc query capabilities.
Disadvantages: Hardware overheads, Potential for poor design due to simplicity.

Describes how data is physically stored on secondary storage devices.
Includes information about file formats, data structures, and relationships between external data structures.
Specific to individual database systems.
Represents relational data objects (tables, columns, primary and foreign keys).