World War I: Key Events

• World War I was a global conflict from 1914-1918 which impacted global politics, society, and culture

Events of World War I

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914 by Gavrilo Princip
• The assassination is considered the spark that ignited World War I
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 after Serbia failed to meet demands in response to the assassination, leading to alliances activating
• Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 after Russia mobilized its army against Austria-Hungary
• Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914 and went through Belgium, prompting Britain to declare war
• Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914 after Germany violated Belgium's neutrality
• The First Battle of the Marne (September 6-12, 1914) stopped the German advance into France, saving Paris and resulting in a stalemate and trench warfare
• The Gallipoli Campaign (April 25 1915 – January 9 1916) was an unsuccessful campaign by Allied powers to capture the Dardanelles Strait and open a supply route to Russia
• The Battle of Verdun (February 21 – December 18, 1916) was fought between France and Germany, France became a symbol of French determination with over 700,000 casualties combined
• The Battle of the Somme (July 1 – November 18, 1916) saw the tank introduced with over 57,000 British casualties, it was a major offensive by the British and French against Germany
• The U.S. declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917 following the Zimmermann Telegram and unrestricted submarine warfare
• The Russian Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in the February Revolution, leading to a provisional government
• The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the provisional government in the October Revolution, leading to Russia's withdrawal from the war in 1918
• The Battle of Passchendaele (July 31 – November 10, 1917) was fought near Ypres in Belgium resulting in a costly victory for the Allies
• Known for horrific conditions with mud and chemical weapons, The Battle of Passchendaele was one of the bloodiest battles of the war
• An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 between the Allies and Germany in Compiègne, France ending the fighting
• The Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919 marked the formal end to World War I, blaming Germany and forcing reparations, territory ceding, and military reduction

Key Figures of World War I

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination is what started World Word I
• Kaiser Wilhelm II’s aggressive policies and support of Austria-Hungary contributed to the outbreak of the war
• Tsar Nicholas II’s regime was overthrown during the Russian Revolution in 1917
• Woodrow Wilson outlined the Fourteen Points for peace after the war
• General Philippe Pétain became famous for his role during the Battle of Verdun
• General Erich Ludendorff played a key role in directing military strategy during the war
• David Lloyd George was instrumental in securing victory in the post-war negotiations
• Vladimir Lenin revolutionized Russia and pulled them out of the war in 1917
• General John J. Pershing led American Expeditionary Forces
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk played a key role in the defense of the Gallipoli Peninsula and founded the modern Turkish Republic

Consequences of World War I

• The war resulted in about 16 million deaths
• The war led to the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian, and German Empires
• New countries were created in Eastern Europe and the Middle East
• Europe became economically devastated after the war, and widespread debt and inflation occurred
• Germany was levied heavy repartitions leading to resentment that made room for World War II

Causes of World War II

• The Treaty of Versailles placed heavy repartitions and territorial restrictions on Germany, leading to widespread resentment
• Several countries rose with totalitarian regimes like Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Emperor Hirohito in Japan
• The international community initially appeased Nazi Germany, but the lacked enforecement power and the U.S. did not join
• Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 triggered the war with Britain and France declaring on Germany 2 days later

Events of World War II

• Germany used overwehming force called Blitzkrieg to invade Poland
• Germany invaded France through the Ardennes Forest and France surrendered
• Germany tried to weaken the British by bombing cities and military sites, but Britain's Royal Air Force successfully defended Britain
• Germany extended its influence in Greece and Yugoslavia while Italy attacked North Africa but the Allies defended them
• Hitler launched a massive attack Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and winter and resistance marked a turning point
• Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. December 7, 1941
• U.S. factories produced weapons, supplies, and ships to turning the tide of the war
• The Soviet Union defended Stalingrad and encircled the German 6th Army
• The U.S. Navy defeated the Japanese Navy which halted the expansion
• Allied forces launched an invasion on Normandy , opening a front against Germany
• Germany launched a counteroffensive in Ardennes but lost and the German army collapsed
• The Soviet Red Army advanced from the East ultimately capturing Berlin and Hitler committed suicide
• Germany surrendered the war ending in Europe
• The U.S. dropped Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan surrendered the and end World War II

Consequences of World War II

• The war led to 70 million deaths
• 6 million Jews and millions of others were killed as a result of the Holocaust
• The United Nations was founded
• The war led to the Cold War
• Borders were redrawn
• The United States emerged as the world's preeminent economic and military power

Key Figures from Allied Powers

• Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945
• Franklin D. Roosevelt was the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945
• Harry S. Truman Vice President under Roosevelt and President after Roosevelt's death in April 1945
• Joseph Stalin was the Leader of the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until his death in 1953
• Charles de Gaulle Leader of the Free French Forces during the war
• Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe
• George S. Patton was a General in the U.S. Army
• Bernard Montgomery was British Field Marshal during the Battle of El. Alamein
• Chester W. Nimitz Admiral and Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet
• Douglas MacArthur was United States general who led the Pacific campaign against Japan
• Eleanor Roosevelt advocated for human rights, social reforms, and the founding of the United Nations

Key Figures from the Axis Powers

• Adolf Hitler was the Dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945
• Heinrich Himmler Head of the SS responsible for the Holocaust and other war crimes
• Hermann Göring Nazi military leader and head of the German Air Force
• Joseph Goebbels was the Nazi Minister of Propaganda
• Erwin Rommel was Field Marshal known as the "Desert Fox" for his role in the North African Campaign
• Paul von Hindenburg was President of Germany during the Weimar Republic
• Benito Mussolini allied with Nazi Germany
• Emperor Hirohito was the Emperor of Japan during World War II
• Hideki Tojo Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944
• Isoroku Yamamoto most famous for planning the attack on Pearl Harbor

Resistance Leaders and Other Important Figures

• Oskar Schindler was a German businessman who saved over 1,000 Jews by employing them in his factories
• Anne Frank was a Jewish girl whose diary, written while hiding from the Nazis in Amsterdam, became one of the most powerful testimonies of the Holocaust
• Raoul Wallenberg was a Swedish diplomat who saved tens of thousands of Jews in Hungary by issuing protective passports and sheltering them
• Chiang Kai-shek was the Leader of the Republic of China during World War II
• General Juan Domingo Perón was an was an leader who was an important figure during the war as Argentina remained neutral but later supported the Axis Powers Josip Broz Tito Leader of the Partisans, the communist who fought against both Nazi occupation and internal fascist forces
• Wernher von Braun was key figure in the development of the V-2 rocket
• Military officer Leslie Groves oversaw the development of the Manhattan Project that led to creation of the atomic bomb
• J. Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project
• Eugène Wernicke was a French resistance fighter involved in underground operations against Nazi forces in occupied France

The Cold War

• The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 -1991
• The Cold War manifested through proxy wars, arms races, ideological conflicts, and struggles
• Capitalism with U.S.'s leadership and Communism with U.S.S.R's leadership clashed with superiority and spread ideologies
• The U.S. was the leader of the Western Bloc, which included NATO countries while The Soviet Union was the leader of the Eastern Bloc
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was created in 1949 while Warsaw Pact was created in 1955

The Beginning of the Cold War from 1945 -1960's

• In February 1945 the Yalta Conference happened discussing what would happen after the war, with Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin coming End of World War II (1945):
• There was division of the world amongst allies
• Winston Churchill warned of influence and beginning of Cold War in Iron Curtain Speech (1946)
• The U.S. rebuilt economies of Europe and gave assitance to struggling countries
• There Berlin Airlift was an effort to supply West Berlin with food after they were blockaded, taking nearly a year

Escalating Tensions in from 1950's-1960's

• There was a direct battle in the Korean War (1950-1953) where there was a North vs South Korea ending in stalemate
• Another proxy fight happened in the Vietnam War
• Britain, France, and Israel tried seizing the Suez Canal but the U.S. pressured its allies ceasing
• Fidel Castro overthrew in the Cuba, establishing communism
• The Berlin Wall (1961) was built physical dividing East and West

Peak of Cold War Tensions

• The Soviets put Nuclear weapon sites in Cuba sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• A Space Race followed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union until Apollo 11
• There was a the Détente (1970s) reduced tensions for diplomacy until engagement between U.S. and Soviet Union

The End of Cold War in 1980's

• There was a Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989) that lasted 10 years
• President Ronald Reagan branded Soviet Union had the "Evil Empire" and increased spending for the military
• Mikhail Gorbachev reduced tensions because of major reforms

The End of the Cold War in 1990's

• There was a Fall of the Berlin Wall in (1989)
• Soviet Union officially in dissolved (1991)

Key Cold War Themes and Effects

• The U.S. and the Soviet Union's stocked nuclear weapons leading to a condition known as MAD Mutual Assured Destruction
• They rather fight by supporting conflicts in wars Middle Eastern conflicts
• The Cold War was a revolution on Cuba
• The CIA U.S. and the KGB Soviet Union
• The U.S. made the championing the democradcy

Key Figures of Communism

• Karl Marx created concept of historical materialism, class struggle, alienation, and role of revolution
• Joseph Stalin was political leader and the dictator of the Soviet Union WWII

Joseph Stalin's Key Policies and Actions

• Stalin had forced collectivization of agriculture and this lead Holodomor the man-made famine in Ukraine
• Stalin used implemented a series of FIve-Year Plans to industrialize the Soviet Union
• The Great Purge began a campaign to repress enemies within the Communist Party and eliminated enemies
• World War II broke out even though Stalin initially signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but Hitler broke the agreement
• The Soviet Union defeated the 3rd Reich. Stalin got the ball going with Battle of Stalingrad for the Soviets
• Post soviet Union

Political Aspects of Harry S Trueman from 1945 to 1953

• Early Career: Served in World War I which would help his presidentcy late
• After Roosevelt died due to deterioration

Major decisions of Harry S Trueman presidentcy

• End of II: oversaw the final stages the Pacific and dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki
• Truman Doctrine (1947): aimed at reducing the spreading by communist, support contries
• Marshall Plan was when Truman Europe was starting stabilizating of rebuild to help Europe.
• After was
• Korea Trueman broke spread support
• creation in

Gandhi's Key Principals

• Gandhi's key principals was non-violence
• He preached peaceful resistance
• Indian independence movement

Key Events of Independence and partition

• and Pakistan became a new country
• India for a lot of bad religious riot where Hindus and Muslims were moved to a separate countries

Key Facts for Vietnam Independence

• It was was the French lost in Vietnam during WWII but the Vietnamese resistance Ho Chi Minh got stronger
• was the Ho CHi
• Ho Chi Minh ended to

The Schlieffen Plan

• The Schlieffen Plan was a military strategy developed by Alfred Von Schlieffen
• 20th Germany
• Germany had the Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Britain
• The primary objective from Defeat France
• The German would come on a rapid
• Berlin would be the capital
• Delay with Eastern Front
• German After Russia by time they would have defeated Fance
• Belgium was meant be a swiftness country through through others Timing

The Schlieffen Plan Failures

• Belgium fought back delaying them
• Britain went to war to help Belgium since Germany violated their neutrality.
• British Expeditionary Force (BEF) helped to slow down the German advance at the Battle of the Marne.

Types of Goverment

• Communison
• Totalitarianism
• Socialism
• Democracy
• Fascism

Imperialism

• Imperaliism is a is contry of control territory by force
• example was British
• In capitalism private owners where not private and the governments interferes limited

India and Pakistan Partition (1947)

significant in the history division India After independent

• Pakistan independence by the muslims
• India's independence with violence the Hindus and muslims where both countries

Vietnam Independence

• Vietnam was led by the by leader
• the French In 1954 where Vietnamese took the French and both countries in the region