Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following outcomes was NOT a direct consequence of World War I?
Which of the following outcomes was NOT a direct consequence of World War I?
- Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- Redrawing of European borders.
- The end of the Ottoman Empire.
- Establishment of a unified European Union. (correct)
What was the primary motivation behind Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
What was the primary motivation behind Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
- To destabilize the Austro-Hungarian Empire and promote Serbian independence. (correct)
- To avenge the suicide of Emperor Franz Joseph's son, Rudolf.
- To express his disapproval of Ferdinand's marriage to Sophie Chotek.
- To incite a global conflict and challenge existing power structures.
What critical misstep directly enabled Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife?
What critical misstep directly enabled Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife?
- The Archduke's decision to travel in an open-topped car.
- A driver's navigational error that caused the royal couple's car to stop near Princip. (correct)
- The failure of other assassination attempts earlier in the day.
- Princip's enlistment of help from a secret society with weapons.
Why did Austria-Hungary seek assurance from Germany before declaring war on Serbia?
Why did Austria-Hungary seek assurance from Germany before declaring war on Serbia?
How did the timing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo contribute to the tensions surrounding his assassination?
How did the timing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo contribute to the tensions surrounding his assassination?
What was the significance of Gavrilo Princip being too young to receive the death penalty?
What was the significance of Gavrilo Princip being too young to receive the death penalty?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the immediate public reaction to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the immediate public reaction to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand directly challenge the existing social norms within the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand directly challenge the existing social norms within the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
What critical lesson was highlighted by the Battle of Tannenberg regarding military success?
What critical lesson was highlighted by the Battle of Tannenberg regarding military success?
How did the Austro-Hungarian Empire's initial attacks on Serbia impact the broader conflict of World War I?
How did the Austro-Hungarian Empire's initial attacks on Serbia impact the broader conflict of World War I?
What was a significant psychological impact of chemical warfare during World War I, even for those who physically recovered?
What was a significant psychological impact of chemical warfare during World War I, even for those who physically recovered?
How did Fritz Haber justify the use of chlorine gas in warfare despite international treaties and ethical concerns?
How did Fritz Haber justify the use of chlorine gas in warfare despite international treaties and ethical concerns?
Why did the Allies begin developing their own chemical weapons during World War I?
Why did the Allies begin developing their own chemical weapons during World War I?
How did chlorine gas inflict harm on its victims during World War I?
How did chlorine gas inflict harm on its victims during World War I?
What made phosgene gas particularly dangerous during World War I?
What made phosgene gas particularly dangerous during World War I?
A military historian is researching the long-term consequences of chemical warfare in WWI. Which of the following sources would provide the least useful information?
A military historian is researching the long-term consequences of chemical warfare in WWI. Which of the following sources would provide the least useful information?
Which of the following was a primary goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
Which of the following was a primary goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
What strategic miscalculation did General Von Kluk make during the advance towards Paris?
What strategic miscalculation did General Von Kluk make during the advance towards Paris?
Why did the Schlieffen Plan involve an invasion of Belgium?
Why did the Schlieffen Plan involve an invasion of Belgium?
How did Russia's involvement impact Germany's execution of the Schlieffen Plan?
How did Russia's involvement impact Germany's execution of the Schlieffen Plan?
What was the significance of the First Battle of the Marne?
What was the significance of the First Battle of the Marne?
What prompted General Lanzerac to order a general retreat during the early stages of the war?
What prompted General Lanzerac to order a general retreat during the early stages of the war?
Which countries comprised the Allied powers at the beginning of World War I?
Which countries comprised the Allied powers at the beginning of World War I?
What role did General Gallieni play in the defense of Paris?
What role did General Gallieni play in the defense of Paris?
Which factor most significantly contributed to the initial German strategic advantage at the Battle of Tannenberg?
Which factor most significantly contributed to the initial German strategic advantage at the Battle of Tannenberg?
What critical decision was made by General von Prittwitz’s staff that ultimately shifted the momentum of the battle?
What critical decision was made by General von Prittwitz’s staff that ultimately shifted the momentum of the battle?
How did the German army exploit Russia's stretched front line during the Battle of Tannenberg?
How did the German army exploit Russia's stretched front line during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was the primary reason for the high number of Russian casualties and prisoners of war during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was the primary reason for the high number of Russian casualties and prisoners of war during the Battle of Tannenberg?
Besides troop losses, what critical deficiency in the Russian army significantly hampered their efforts in East Prussia?
Besides troop losses, what critical deficiency in the Russian army significantly hampered their efforts in East Prussia?
How did General Zhilinsky's commitment to a rapid troop deployment impact the Russian army's effectiveness?
How did General Zhilinsky's commitment to a rapid troop deployment impact the Russian army's effectiveness?
What strategic outcome did the Germans achieve by driving Rennenkampf's 1st Army out of East Prussia?
What strategic outcome did the Germans achieve by driving Rennenkampf's 1st Army out of East Prussia?
Which statement best encapsulates a key lesson from the Battle of Tannenberg?
Which statement best encapsulates a key lesson from the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was a significant psychological impact of mustard gas during World War I, even on soldiers not directly exposed?
What was a significant psychological impact of mustard gas during World War I, even on soldiers not directly exposed?
Before World War I, which action demonstrates that the United States was not isolationist?
Before World War I, which action demonstrates that the United States was not isolationist?
What was the primary reason behind the shift in American public opinion that led to the U.S. entering World War I in 1917?
What was the primary reason behind the shift in American public opinion that led to the U.S. entering World War I in 1917?
How did the exit of Russia from World War I impact the role of the U.S.?
How did the exit of Russia from World War I impact the role of the U.S.?
How did the United States support the Allies before officially entering World War I?
How did the United States support the Allies before officially entering World War I?
Which factor was a primary reason for initial U.S. reluctance to enter World War I?
Which factor was a primary reason for initial U.S. reluctance to enter World War I?
Which of the following best describes President Wilson's position regarding war prior to the United States' entry into World War I?
Which of the following best describes President Wilson's position regarding war prior to the United States' entry into World War I?
What was President Woodrow Wilson's primary motivation for wanting the U.S. to have a role in the post-war peace process?
What was President Woodrow Wilson's primary motivation for wanting the U.S. to have a role in the post-war peace process?
How did the global flu outbreak of 1918 affect the dynamics of World War I?
How did the global flu outbreak of 1918 affect the dynamics of World War I?
What domestic effects did the US involvement in World War I have on American society?
What domestic effects did the US involvement in World War I have on American society?
What was the significance of Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare in prompting the U.S. to enter World War I?
What was the significance of Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare in prompting the U.S. to enter World War I?
What role did the Zimmerman telegram play in the U.S. decision to enter World War I?
What role did the Zimmerman telegram play in the U.S. decision to enter World War I?
How did mustard gas cause harm to individuals even when they were wearing gas masks?
How did mustard gas cause harm to individuals even when they were wearing gas masks?
What was the primary strategic goal behind the Schlieffen Plan?
What was the primary strategic goal behind the Schlieffen Plan?
How did the Schlieffen Plan's assumption about Russian mobilization speed influence its design?
How did the Schlieffen Plan's assumption about Russian mobilization speed influence its design?
Why did the Schlieffen Plan ultimately fail to achieve its primary objective?
Why did the Schlieffen Plan ultimately fail to achieve its primary objective?
What strategic disadvantage did Germany face due to its geographical position upon entering World War I?
What strategic disadvantage did Germany face due to its geographical position upon entering World War I?
How did the German invasion of Belgium impact the strategic alignment of European powers at the start of World War I?
How did the German invasion of Belgium impact the strategic alignment of European powers at the start of World War I?
During the initial advance through Belgium, what factor significantly hampered the Allied forces' ability to effectively support each other?
During the initial advance through Belgium, what factor significantly hampered the Allied forces' ability to effectively support each other?
How did General Von Kluk's decision to pursue the retreating French 5th Army alter the course of the Battle of the Marne?
How did General Von Kluk's decision to pursue the retreating French 5th Army alter the course of the Battle of the Marne?
What crucial role did General Gallieni play in the Allied response to the German advance towards Paris?
What crucial role did General Gallieni play in the Allied response to the German advance towards Paris?
What strategic calculation might have led Germany to offer financial support to Mexico for joining World War I against the United States?
What strategic calculation might have led Germany to offer financial support to Mexico for joining World War I against the United States?
What impact did the Selective Service Act have on the American military's contribution to World War I?
What impact did the Selective Service Act have on the American military's contribution to World War I?
Why was the United States' entry into World War I particularly impactful in 1917 and 1918?
Why was the United States' entry into World War I particularly impactful in 1917 and 1918?
How did the rise of communism and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia affect the American home front during World War I?
How did the rise of communism and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia affect the American home front during World War I?
What was a significant factor in President Wilson's shift from an anti-war stance to advocating for U.S. involvement in World War I?
What was a significant factor in President Wilson's shift from an anti-war stance to advocating for U.S. involvement in World War I?
What crucial advantage did the French forces possess during the First Battle of the Marne that significantly contributed to halting the German advance?
What crucial advantage did the French forces possess during the First Battle of the Marne that significantly contributed to halting the German advance?
The deployment of Parisian soldiers to the Marne using Renault taxis represented what key innovation in military logistics during World War I?
The deployment of Parisian soldiers to the Marne using Renault taxis represented what key innovation in military logistics during World War I?
What was the primary strategic consequence of the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne?
What was the primary strategic consequence of the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne?
Which characteristic distinguished the Eastern Front from the Western Front during World War I?
Which characteristic distinguished the Eastern Front from the Western Front during World War I?
How did the extensive and undeveloped infrastructure of the Eastern Front affect military operations during World War I?
How did the extensive and undeveloped infrastructure of the Eastern Front affect military operations during World War I?
What was a significant geographical challenge faced by troops on the Eastern Front, specifically in Lithuania?
What was a significant geographical challenge faced by troops on the Eastern Front, specifically in Lithuania?
Why was the Battle of Tannenberg particularly significant in 1914?
Why was the Battle of Tannenberg particularly significant in 1914?
How did Russia's entry into World War I influence Germany's military strategy in the early stages of the conflict?
How did Russia's entry into World War I influence Germany's military strategy in the early stages of the conflict?
What critical logistical challenge significantly hindered Samsonov's advance on von Scholtz's XX Corps?
What critical logistical challenge significantly hindered Samsonov's advance on von Scholtz's XX Corps?
What strategic counter-proposal did Grunert and Hoffman suggest to von Prittwitz that ultimately changed the course of the Battle of Tannenberg?
What strategic counter-proposal did Grunert and Hoffman suggest to von Prittwitz that ultimately changed the course of the Battle of Tannenberg?
How did the change in German command impact the strategic approach at the Battle of Tannenberg?
How did the change in German command impact the strategic approach at the Battle of Tannenberg?
How did the Germans capitalize on the Russian army's communication inefficiencies during the Battle of Tannenberg?
How did the Germans capitalize on the Russian army's communication inefficiencies during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What strategic advantage did the German army gain from using trains to transport soldiers during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What strategic advantage did the German army gain from using trains to transport soldiers during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was the primary consequence of Samsonov ordering a retreat during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was the primary consequence of Samsonov ordering a retreat during the Battle of Tannenberg?
What fundamental flaw in the Russian army's operational planning significantly contributed to their defeat on the Eastern Front?
What fundamental flaw in the Russian army's operational planning significantly contributed to their defeat on the Eastern Front?
Besides troop losses, what other critical deficiency in the Russian army significantly hampered their efforts in East Prussia?
Besides troop losses, what other critical deficiency in the Russian army significantly hampered their efforts in East Prussia?
What critical logistical disadvantage did the Russian army face due to pre-war Russian strategy in Poland?
What critical logistical disadvantage did the Russian army face due to pre-war Russian strategy in Poland?
How did the differing railway gauges between Russia and Poland impact Russia's military operations in East Prussia?
How did the differing railway gauges between Russia and Poland impact Russia's military operations in East Prussia?
How did the strained relationship between Generals Samsonov and Rennenkampf affect the Russian offensive in East Prussia?
How did the strained relationship between Generals Samsonov and Rennenkampf affect the Russian offensive in East Prussia?
What strategic risk was inherent in the Russian plan to attack East Prussia with two separate armies?
What strategic risk was inherent in the Russian plan to attack East Prussia with two separate armies?
Why was General von Prittwitz initially hesitant about General von Francois' aggressive attack at the Battle of Stalluponen?
Why was General von Prittwitz initially hesitant about General von Francois' aggressive attack at the Battle of Stalluponen?
Despite initial advances, what fundamental flaw hindered the Russian Second Army's progress in East Prussia?
Despite initial advances, what fundamental flaw hindered the Russian Second Army's progress in East Prussia?
What was the intended strategic goal of the initial Russian offensive into East Prussia?
What was the intended strategic goal of the initial Russian offensive into East Prussia?
How did Russia's underestimation of their own mobilization time affect the initial stages of the Eastern Front campaign?
How did Russia's underestimation of their own mobilization time affect the initial stages of the Eastern Front campaign?
What critical logistical factor significantly hampered Russia's war efforts on the Eastern Front, as demonstrated by the Battle of Tannenberg?
What critical logistical factor significantly hampered Russia's war efforts on the Eastern Front, as demonstrated by the Battle of Tannenberg?
What strategic impact did the Austro-Hungarian Empire's initial struggles against Serbia have on the broader context of World War I?
What strategic impact did the Austro-Hungarian Empire's initial struggles against Serbia have on the broader context of World War I?
What contributed to the high mortality rate associated with mustard gas, despite the lower overall number of deaths compared to other causes in World War I?
What contributed to the high mortality rate associated with mustard gas, despite the lower overall number of deaths compared to other causes in World War I?
Considering the international treaties in place at the time, why was the initial use of chlorine gas by Germany considered a significant escalation in World War I?
Considering the international treaties in place at the time, why was the initial use of chlorine gas by Germany considered a significant escalation in World War I?
What was the Allies' primary justification for developing and deploying their own chemical weapons during World War I?
What was the Allies' primary justification for developing and deploying their own chemical weapons during World War I?
What made phosgene gas a particularly dangerous chemical weapon during World War I, contributing to its high percentage of gas-related fatalities?
What made phosgene gas a particularly dangerous chemical weapon during World War I, contributing to its high percentage of gas-related fatalities?
How did Fritz Haber defend his use of chlorine gas and other chemical weapons, despite their violation of international agreements and ethical concerns?
How did Fritz Haber defend his use of chlorine gas and other chemical weapons, despite their violation of international agreements and ethical concerns?
Beyond the immediate physical effects, what was a lasting psychological impact of chemical warfare on soldiers during World War I?
Beyond the immediate physical effects, what was a lasting psychological impact of chemical warfare on soldiers during World War I?
What was the primary strategic advantage the arrival of American troops provided to the Allied forces in 1917-1918?
What was the primary strategic advantage the arrival of American troops provided to the Allied forces in 1917-1918?
What was the strategic significance of Germany proposing financial aid and territorial recovery to Mexico during World War I?
What was the strategic significance of Germany proposing financial aid and territorial recovery to Mexico during World War I?
How did the political climate in the United States shift during its involvement in World War I regarding dissent and differing opinions?
How did the political climate in the United States shift during its involvement in World War I regarding dissent and differing opinions?
Despite initially campaigning on an anti-war platform, how did President Wilson demonstrate his preparation for potential US involvement in World War I?
Despite initially campaigning on an anti-war platform, how did President Wilson demonstrate his preparation for potential US involvement in World War I?
Which combination of factors most directly contributed to the shift in American public opinion that ultimately led to the U.S. entering World War I in 1917?
Which combination of factors most directly contributed to the shift in American public opinion that ultimately led to the U.S. entering World War I in 1917?
What was the primary consequence of Austria-Hungary securing Germany's backing before declaring war on Serbia?
What was the primary consequence of Austria-Hungary securing Germany's backing before declaring war on Serbia?
How did the pre-existing tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary contribute to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
How did the pre-existing tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary contribute to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
In what way did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand serve as a catalyst for World War I, considering the existing European political landscape?
In what way did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand serve as a catalyst for World War I, considering the existing European political landscape?
What role did the Black Hand play in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, beyond simply providing weapons?
What role did the Black Hand play in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, beyond simply providing weapons?
How did Emperor Franz Joseph's personal feelings toward Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his marriage potentially influence events leading up to World War I?
How did Emperor Franz Joseph's personal feelings toward Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his marriage potentially influence events leading up to World War I?
Why might Gavrilo Princip have viewed Archduke Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo as a particularly significant opportunity to make a political statement?
Why might Gavrilo Princip have viewed Archduke Franz Ferdinand's visit to Sarajevo as a particularly significant opportunity to make a political statement?
How did the limitations of Princip's actions immediately following the assassination attempt—such as his failed suicide attempts—indirectly influence the larger course of events?
How did the limitations of Princip's actions immediately following the assassination attempt—such as his failed suicide attempts—indirectly influence the larger course of events?
Considering the multiple failed attempts on Archduke Franz Ferdinand's life before Princip's successful assassination, what does this series of events suggest about the security measures in place?
Considering the multiple failed attempts on Archduke Franz Ferdinand's life before Princip's successful assassination, what does this series of events suggest about the security measures in place?
What critical deficiency within the Russian army was highlighted by the Battle of Tannenberg?
What critical deficiency within the Russian army was highlighted by the Battle of Tannenberg?
What was a crucial strategic impact of the Austro-Hungarian army being forced to retreat early in the war?
What was a crucial strategic impact of the Austro-Hungarian army being forced to retreat early in the war?
What was a notable long-term consequence of Serbia's war efforts, despite their military successes?
What was a notable long-term consequence of Serbia's war efforts, despite their military successes?
What was a key psychological impact of chemical warfare during World War I, even on soldiers who were not directly affected?
What was a key psychological impact of chemical warfare during World War I, even on soldiers who were not directly affected?
How did the introduction of mustard gas affect the casualty dynamics during the later years of World War I?
How did the introduction of mustard gas affect the casualty dynamics during the later years of World War I?
Why was the use of chlorine gas by Germany considered a breach of established norms, despite the existing treaties?
Why was the use of chlorine gas by Germany considered a breach of established norms, despite the existing treaties?
How did the Allies justify their decision to develop and deploy chemical weapons during World War I?
How did the Allies justify their decision to develop and deploy chemical weapons during World War I?
What made phosgene gas particularly dangerous as a chemical weapon during World War I?
What made phosgene gas particularly dangerous as a chemical weapon during World War I?
Beyond the immediate physical trauma, what was a significant long-term consequence of mustard gas exposure for soldiers during World War I?
Beyond the immediate physical trauma, what was a significant long-term consequence of mustard gas exposure for soldiers during World War I?
How did the physical properties of mustard gas contribute to its effectiveness as a weapon during World War I?
How did the physical properties of mustard gas contribute to its effectiveness as a weapon during World War I?
Prior to formally entering World War I, how did the United States' economic relationship with the Allied forces influence its position in the conflict?
Prior to formally entering World War I, how did the United States' economic relationship with the Allied forces influence its position in the conflict?
What was a primary reason for initial U.S. reluctance to enter World War I?
What was a primary reason for initial U.S. reluctance to enter World War I?
What was the strategic significance of the Zimmerman Telegram in shifting U.S. public opinion toward entering World War I?
What was the strategic significance of the Zimmerman Telegram in shifting U.S. public opinion toward entering World War I?
How did President Wilson's desire to shape the post-war world influence the United States' decision to enter World War I?
How did President Wilson's desire to shape the post-war world influence the United States' decision to enter World War I?
Why did the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany play a significant role in the United States' entry into World War I?
Why did the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany play a significant role in the United States' entry into World War I?
Despite initial reluctance, which factor significantly contributed to the shift in American public opinion towards supporting entry into World War I?
Despite initial reluctance, which factor significantly contributed to the shift in American public opinion towards supporting entry into World War I?
Which of the following best describes the geopolitical alignment at the start of World War I?
Which of the following best describes the geopolitical alignment at the start of World War I?
What was the core strategic objective behind the Schlieffen Plan?
What was the core strategic objective behind the Schlieffen Plan?
Why was the Schlieffen Plan dependent on a rapid German advance through Belgium?
Why was the Schlieffen Plan dependent on a rapid German advance through Belgium?
How did the German invasion of neutral Belgium influence the broader strategic alignment of European powers?
How did the German invasion of neutral Belgium influence the broader strategic alignment of European powers?
What critical miscalculation directly undermined the Schlieffen Plan's anticipated timeline for success?
What critical miscalculation directly undermined the Schlieffen Plan's anticipated timeline for success?
What was the initial impact of the 'Battle of the Frontiers' on the Allied forces?
What was the initial impact of the 'Battle of the Frontiers' on the Allied forces?
How did General Von Kluk's decision to pursue the retreating French 5th Army impact the overall German offensive towards Paris?
How did General Von Kluk's decision to pursue the retreating French 5th Army impact the overall German offensive towards Paris?
What strategic action did General Gallieni advocate for in response to the German advance towards Paris?
What strategic action did General Gallieni advocate for in response to the German advance towards Paris?
What was the primary objective of the Russian 1st and 2nd armies' advance on the German 8th?
What was the primary objective of the Russian 1st and 2nd armies' advance on the German 8th?
How did Russia's policy of intentionally maintaining poor infrastructure in Russian-occupied Poland inadvertently affect their own military operations during the invasion of East Prussia?
How did Russia's policy of intentionally maintaining poor infrastructure in Russian-occupied Poland inadvertently affect their own military operations during the invasion of East Prussia?
What critical logistical issue did the Russian army face in East Prussia due to the differing railway gauges between Russia and Poland?
What critical logistical issue did the Russian army face in East Prussia due to the differing railway gauges between Russia and Poland?
What was the strategic significance of the 'Battle of Stalluponen' on August 17, 1914, in the broader context of the Eastern Front?
What was the strategic significance of the 'Battle of Stalluponen' on August 17, 1914, in the broader context of the Eastern Front?
Why was General von Prittwitz initially hesitant about General von Francois' aggressive attack at the Battle of Stalluponen, despite its initial success?
Why was General von Prittwitz initially hesitant about General von Francois' aggressive attack at the Battle of Stalluponen, despite its initial success?
How did the strained relationship between Generals Samsonov and Rennenkampf impact the effectiveness of the Russian two-pronged attack on East Prussia?
How did the strained relationship between Generals Samsonov and Rennenkampf impact the effectiveness of the Russian two-pronged attack on East Prussia?
What was a significant consequence of the lack of coordination and communication between the Russian 1st and 2nd armies?
What was a significant consequence of the lack of coordination and communication between the Russian 1st and 2nd armies?
What fundamental operational planning flaw significantly contributed to the Russian defeat on the Eastern Front?
What fundamental operational planning flaw significantly contributed to the Russian defeat on the Eastern Front?
Flashcards
The Allies (WWI)
The Allies (WWI)
An alliance of Serbia, France, Britain, and Russia during WWI.
Central Powers (WWI)
Central Powers (WWI)
An alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary during WWI.
Schlieffen Plan
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's plan to quickly defeat France, then focus on Russia.
Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Chief of the Great German General Staff from 1891-1905, developed Schlieffen plan.
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Two-Front War for Germany
Two-Front War for Germany
Germany faced a war on two fronts: Russia to the East and France to the West.
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Invasion of Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
Germany attacked France through neutral Belgium, violating their neutrality.
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Battle of the Frontiers
Battle of the Frontiers
Series of battles between German and French/British forces.
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General Lanzerac
General Lanzerac
French General who ordered a retreat to save his troops.
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World War I
World War I
A global conflict from 1914-1918 with 37 million civilian and military casualties.
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Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary, his assassination sparked World War I.
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1908 Annexation
1908 Annexation
The year Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, increasing tensions with Serbia.
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Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip
The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; a Serbian nationalist.
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The Black Hand
The Black Hand
Serbian secret society that aided Gavrilo Princip in the assassination.
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Austria's Response
Austria's Response
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war after gaining Germany's support.
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Serbia's Support
Serbia's Support
Serbia sought support from Russia amidst rising tensions with Austria-Hungary.
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Mobilized Nations
Mobilized Nations
Mobilized due to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and subsequent declarations of war.
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General Samsonov
General Samsonov
Commander of Russian forces at Tannenberg who faced defeat and committed suicide.
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Grunert & Hoffman
Grunert & Hoffman
German generals who initially wanted to retreat but later suggested a counter-attack at Tannenberg.
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Von Prittwitz
Von Prittwitz
German commander who was replaced before the Battle of Tannenberg.
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Von Hindenburg
Von Hindenburg
German commander that replaced Von Prittwitz before the Battle of Tannenberg.
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Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Tannenberg
The battle where the Germans surrounded and defeated the Russian 2nd Army due to intercepted communications and troop repositioning.
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Intercepted Communications
Intercepted Communications
Poor Russian communication that allowed Germans to intercept plans, contributing to the Russian defeat.
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Troop Repositioning
Troop Repositioning
The strategic movement of German troops using trains to outflank and surround Samsonov's army.
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Russian Deployment Issues
Russian Deployment Issues
The deployment of a large Russian army with poor planning and inadequate supply lines.
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Zimmerman Affair
Zimmerman Affair
Germany offered Mexico territory in Texas and New Mexico if Mexico allied with them against the U.S.
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1917 US Entry Factors
1917 US Entry Factors
U-boat attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram shifted American public opinion in favor of entering World War I.
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Selective Service Act
Selective Service Act
The law enacted to create a large army quickly.
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Impact of US Troops
Impact of US Troops
Fresh U.S. troops boosted the Allies, especially after Russia left the war in 1917.
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Domestic Impact of War
Domestic Impact of War
Anti-German sentiment and intolerance of dissent rose in the U.S. due to the war and the rise of communism.
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Importance of Logistics (WWI)
Importance of Logistics (WWI)
Emphasized the critical role of logistical support and secure communications in warfare.
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Role of Leadership (WWI)
Role of Leadership (WWI)
Demonstrated that effective leadership is essential for achieving victory in war.
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Eastern Front Impact
Eastern Front Impact
The Eastern Front in WWI, marked by significant civilian casualties and widespread devastation.
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Austro-Hungarian Campaign Against Serbia
Austro-Hungarian Campaign Against Serbia
Initially, Austro-Hungarian forces attacked Serbia but were repelled. Later, they captured Belgrade but were again forced to retreat, causing devastation and disease in Serbia.
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Impact of Eastern Front on Western Front
Impact of Eastern Front on Western Front
The diversion of German troops to the Eastern Front indirectly aided the Allies on the Western Front by weakening the German offensive.
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Chemical Warfare (WWI)
Chemical Warfare (WWI)
A form of warfare involving the use of poisonous gases.
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Chlorine Gas
Chlorine Gas
A poisonous gas that interacts with fats, proteins, and bodily fluids, causing internal and external chemical burns and asphyxia.
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Phosgene Gas
Phosgene Gas
A poisonous gas that smells like moldy hay and causes victims to suffocate a day after exposure as their lungs fill with fluid.
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Mustard Gas
Mustard Gas
A chemical weapon used in WWI, causing blisters, blindness, and lung damage.
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Psychological Effect of Gas Warfare
Psychological Effect of Gas Warfare
The widespread fear and anxiety among soldiers due to the potential for gas attacks, even without physical symptoms.
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US Isolationism (Misconception)
US Isolationism (Misconception)
Contrary to the idea that the US stayed to themselves; they were actively involved with other countries before WWI.
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US Neutrality (Misconception)
US Neutrality (Misconception)
Selling, giving arms, supplies strategically favoring the Allies before officially joining the war.
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Initial US Stance on WWI
Initial US Stance on WWI
Most Americans didn't want to be involved, war was considered a European conflict.
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President Wilson's Motivations
President Wilson's Motivations
He desired to influence peace negotiations, shape global power, prevent future wars, and promote democracy.
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German submarines sinking ships suspected of supplying Allies provoked US entry into WWI.
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Zimmerman Telegram
Zimmerman Telegram
Germany proposed alliance with Mexico against the US if the US declared war on Germany.
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Schlieffen Plan Goal
Schlieffen Plan Goal
Plan to defeat France quickly, then focus on Russia.
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Germany's Two Fronts
Germany's Two Fronts
Germany faced war against Russia in the East and France in the West.
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Schlieffen Plan Route
Schlieffen Plan Route
Germany attacked through Belgium to bypass French defenses.
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Belgium's Impact
Belgium's Impact
Invading Belgium brought England into the war against Germany.
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General Lanzerac's Decision
General Lanzerac's Decision
French General who retreated to preserve his forces.
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General Gallieni
General Gallieni
Left in charge of defense of Paris.
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Von Kluk's Mistake
Von Kluk's Mistake
Exposed German 1st's right flank, making it vulnerable to counterattack.
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Western Front
Western Front
The Western Front was characterized by trench warfare.
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First Battle of Marne
First Battle of Marne
The first major battle on the Western Front; stopped German advance on Paris.
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Taxis of Marne
Taxis of Marne
Renault cabs that transported French soldiers to the Battle of Marne.
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Marne Significance
Marne Significance
Victory for the Allied forces; stopped German march on Paris.
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Eastern Front
Eastern Front
The battle zone stretching from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.
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Eastern Front Challenges
Eastern Front Challenges
Harsh winters and inadequate supply lines shaped conflict on the Eastern Front.
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Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
One of the biggest battles on the Eastern Front where the German army defeated the Russian army.
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Russia's WWI Entry
Russia's WWI Entry
Entered war on the side of Serbia and France to fight against Germany
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Russian WWI Plan
Russian WWI Plan
Russia planned to attack Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire by advancing on German 8th army to draw them away from W front.
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East Prussia Invasion Failures
East Prussia Invasion Failures
The invasion of East Prussia lacked mobility and agility, incompetent leadership, preparation, and poor infrastructure.
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Russian Buffer-Zone Tactic
Russian Buffer-Zone Tactic
Intentionally left roads and railways in poor condition to create a buffer-zone.
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Railway Gauge Issue
Railway Gauge Issue
The gauge (spacing) of railway lines were different from Russia.
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Battle of Stalluponen
Battle of Stalluponen
First shots fired on the Eastern Front.
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Stalluponen Attack & Recall
Stalluponen Attack & Recall
Francois launched an aggressive frontal attack, but Prittwitz ordered him to withdraw due to being outnumbered.
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Russian Leadership Discord
Russian Leadership Discord
Samsonov and Rennenkampf disliked each other and refused to coordinate, undermining their numerical advantage.
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Russian Communication Errors
Russian Communication Errors
The Russian attack relied on good communication, and being on same page - which did not exist in Russian ranks.
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Von Prittwitz's Plan
Von Prittwitz's Plan
Initial German plan to retreat on Eastern Front, later changed to a counter-attack.
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General von Hindenburg
General von Hindenburg
Replaced von Prittwitz as commander of the German 8th Army.
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Sloppy Communication (Tannenberg)
Sloppy Communication (Tannenberg)
Flaw in Russian tactics leading to interception by the enemy.
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German Troop Repositioning (Tannenberg)
German Troop Repositioning (Tannenberg)
Strategic use of trains to move troops quickly behind enemy lines.
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60-Mile Front
60-Mile Front
The extensive front created by Samsonov's advancing troops.
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Russian 2nd Army
Russian 2nd Army
The army defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg, leading to heavy losses.
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Russian Logistical Failures (Tannenberg)
Russian Logistical Failures (Tannenberg)
Failure in assessing potential casualties and providing medical care.
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Tannenberg Significance
Tannenberg Significance
Demonstrated that superior tactics can overcome a larger force.
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Zimmerman Telegram territory offering
Zimmerman Telegram territory offering
Germany offered Mexico land in exchange for alliance against the U.S.
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U-boat attacks (WWI)
U-boat attacks (WWI)
German submarine attacks that targeted ships carrying supplies to their enemies, including passenger ships with American citizens, such as the Lusitania.
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Selective Service Act (1917)
Selective Service Act (1917)
An act passed by Congress in 1917 to create a national draft for WWI, increasing the size of the US military.
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Impact of US Troops (WWI)
Impact of US Troops (WWI)
The arrival of fresh American soldiers provided a morale and manpower boost during WWI.
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Tannenberg's Tone
Tannenberg's Tone
The war set the background for Russian involvement for the whole war.
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Eastern Front Casualties
Eastern Front Casualties
Civilian casualties were widespread on this Front, during WWI.
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Serbia's Devastation (WWI)
Serbia's Devastation (WWI)
Initially, Austro-Hungarian forces attacked Serbia but suffered defeats. Despite capturing Belgrade, they were forced to retreat again, leading to devastation and disease in Serbia.
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Marne's Relief
Marne's Relief
The diversion of German troops from the Western Front, to the Eastern Front indirectly aided the Allies by weakening the German offensive on the Marne.
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Gas Warfare Deaths
Gas Warfare Deaths
Despite millions killed in WWI, only 185,000 deaths were directly attributed to gas attacks. However, many individuals experienced substantial psychological distress.
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1899 Treaty
1899 Treaty
The treaty signed by European powers in 1899, outlawed the use of chemical projectiles.
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Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber
Germany's pioneer of chemical warfare, who advocated its use to shorten the war, despite opposition from some officers.
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Chlorine Effects
Chlorine Effects
The first gas used was Chlorine, which created internal/external chemical burns upon interacting with bodily fluids resulting in either quick or slow painful deaths.
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World War I (WWI)
World War I (WWI)
A conflict fought from 1914-1918, primarily in Europe, with global impact and 37 million casualties.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The heir to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 ignited WWI.
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Austria-Hungary Declares War
Austria-Hungary Declares War
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia one month after assassination, with Germany's support.
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Serbia's Russian Support
Serbia's Russian Support
Serbia gained support from Russia in anticipation of conflict with Austria-Hungary.
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Collapsed Empires (WWI)
Collapsed Empires (WWI)
European empires that ceased to exist after WWI
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Assassination Trigger
Assassination Trigger
The event that triggered a chain reaction leading to WWI.
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Russia's Treaty Allies
Russia's Treaty Allies
Russia cited existing agreements with these countries upon WWI's start.
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Russian WWI Strategy
Russian WWI Strategy
Russia's initial plan to attack Germany and Austria-Hungary by advancing on German 8th; aim was to draw Germans away from Western Front.
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East Prussia Invasion Plan
East Prussia Invasion Plan
The Russian 1st and 2nd armies were assigned to advance on German 8th army.
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Initial German East Front Defense
Initial German East Front Defense
Underestimated Russian mobilization time; defense of East Prussia left to General von Prittwitz (170k soldiers).
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Problems with East Prussia Invasion
Problems with East Prussia Invasion
Took place before Russia was fully prepared, suffering from poor execution.
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Russian Army Weaknesses (1914)
Russian Army Weaknesses (1914)
Lacked mobility and agility; plan failed due to incompetent leadership, lack of preparation, and poor infrastructure.
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Russian Infrastructure Tactic
Russian Infrastructure Tactic
Russia intentionally left roads and railways in poor condition in Russian-occupied Poland.
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Railway Gauge Problem
Railway Gauge Problem
Railway lines had to be redone because the gauge (spacing) of lines was different from Russia.
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Initial Chemical Weapon Use
Initial Chemical Weapon Use
French used tear gas on Germans in 1914
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Chlorine Gas Deployment
Chlorine Gas Deployment
Released in canisters to comply with the 1899 treaty.
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Allied Chemical Warfare Stance
Allied Chemical Warfare Stance
They argued their hand was forced by Germans.
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Chlorine Gas Effects
Chlorine Gas Effects
Interacts with fats, proteins and bodily fluids, and creates chemical burns throughout the body.
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Chlorine Gas Deaths
Chlorine Gas Deaths
Either quick deaths, or slow painful deaths.
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Phosgene Delayed Effect
Phosgene Delayed Effect
It suffocated a day later when lungs filled with fluid.
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Haber's Persuasion
Haber's Persuasion
German officers opposed, Haber convinced it would shorten war.
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Psychological Impact of Gas
Psychological Impact of Gas
More damaging psychologically than physically.
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Zimmerman Telegram Promise
Zimmerman Telegram Promise
Territory offered to Mexico by Germany in the event of war with the US. Included Texas and New Mexico.
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Selective Service Act (WWI)
Selective Service Act (WWI)
The act passed in 1917 that initiated the draft in the U.S., boosting military numbers.
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US Troops Impact (WWI)
US Troops Impact (WWI)
The physical contributions of US troops to the war, especially after Russia left, and the allies morale was low.
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US Homefront During WWI
US Homefront During WWI
Resulted in increased discrimination against Germans and intolerance of dissenting opinions
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1918 Flu Pandemic
1918 Flu Pandemic
The global pandemic in 1918 that killed more people than WWI itself.
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Mustard Gas Effects
Mustard Gas Effects
A chemical weapon used in WWI causing blisters, blindness, lung damage and paranoia.
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US Isolationism (Myth)
US Isolationism (Myth)
The belief that the US remained uninvolved in international affairs.
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US Neutrality (Myth)
US Neutrality (Myth)
The idea that the US did not take sides before officially joining the war.
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Initial US WWI Stance
Initial US WWI Stance
The main reason why most Americans didn't want to join WWI.
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Wilson's WWI Goals
Wilson's WWI Goals
Wilson aimed to shape peace, power, prevent wars, and promote democracy.
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U-Boat Warfare Impact
U-Boat Warfare Impact
German U-boats sinking ships suspected of supplying Allies provoked US entry into WWI.
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Zimmerman Telegram Offer
Zimmerman Telegram Offer
Germany proposed alliance with Mexico against the US, promising to return lost territories.
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Urine's Defense
Urine's Defense
Urine contains ammonia which may counteract the effects of chlorine gas.
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