SOUTH CENTRAL AND WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES

• These are detailed study notes, suitable for students

Music of India

• India is the largest country in South Asia
• Indian music has aspects of Asian culture.
• Music of India is as diverse as its geographical location and its demographic population
• Melismatic singing, involving using nasal vocal quality, is an aspect of Indian vocal music
• In the Philippines, it is used in chanting epics and the pasyon
• Samagana is a style of singing that developed into a strong, diverse tradition in India
• Saman means melody
• Veda means knowledge

Vedas

• The Vedas are Hindu sacred texts
• Sama Veda is a sacred text sung as samagana, but not chained
• The Sama Veda is the third of the four Vedas of Hinduism
• In terms of sanctity and liturgical importance, Sama Veda ranks next to Rig Veda (Rigveda)
• Rig Veda is also sung in the samagana style
• Because of its liturgical significance, it is counted as first of the Vedas
• Vedic Sanskrit hymns are ancient collections of the Rig Veda of India
• Some Rig Veda verses are still recited as Hindu prayers

Traditional Music from India: Carnatic

• Carnatic music is found in South India, and directed to a Hindu god
• Also known as "temple music"
• Carnatic music is unified, and schools are based on the same ragas
• Common solo instrument families include the veena, flute, and violin
• Rhythm instrument examples include mridangam and ghatam
• Carnatic music compositions called krti are mainly set for the voice with lyrics

Traditional Music from India: Hindustani

• Hindustani music is commonly found in North India
• It goes back to Vedic period times, and has Persian influences
• Nasal singing is observed in Hindustani music oral traditions
• Khyal is a common singing style in North India meaning imagination

Instrumental Music in India

• Hindustani Sangeet includes instruments that are used in North Indian music
• Carnatic Sangeet includes instruments that are used in South Indian music

Classification of Musical Instruments from India: Ghan

• Ghan is a non-membranous percussive instrument with solid resonators
• It is also the oldest classification of instrument, and may be a melodic instrument to keep tal

Musical Instruments and Rhythm

• Common Indian instruments are ghatam, karta, manjira, and nout
• Avanaddh is a membranous percussive instrument that comprises drums
• Instruments are Daf (Duf, Daphu), Dhol, and Tabla
• Sushir, also known as blown-air instruments, use air to excite resonators

More Indian Musical Instrument Types

• Instruments are shankh, bansuri, surpeti, and shehnai
• Tat refers to vina during old civilization; they are plucked/stringed instruments
• Instruments are sitar, gotuvadyam, ektar, gopichand, and rabab
• Vitat instruments are described as bowed stringed instruments
• Vitat instruments are one of the oldest classifications of instruments

Tala and Theka

• The term Tala means "clap".
• Tala also spelled as “tal”, “taal”, or “taala”
• It comprises a regular, repeating rhythmic phase
• Rendered on a percussive instrument and part of the Indian system of rhythm
• Theka is a sequence of drum-syllables of rhythm or “bol”
• Both Carnatic and Hindustani music use theka

Common Rhythm Instruments

• Tabla is a common rhythmic instrument for Hindustani music
• Mridangam is a common instrument for keeping rhythm in Carnatic music

Pakistan Music styles

• Pakistan is known for its unique vocals
• Ghazal involves more strict traditional expressions of love, separation, and loneliness
• Ghazal is one of the principal poetic forms in Persian civilization
• Ghazal can be sung by both men and women
• Qawwali is devotional music in the Christi order, mainly performed at Sufi shrines
• It is a vibrant musical tradition

Instrumental and Regional Music of Pakistan

• Punjabi strengthens the importance of instruments in Pakistan
• Punjab in South Asia, is divided into west Punjab (Pakistan), and east Punjab (India)
• Bhangra from Punjab, is based on the drum "dhol"
• Bhangra instruments are tabla, dholak, harmonium and rubab

West Asia Israel Music

• Israel music is modal, harmony is not emphasized, but salient features are used
• Communal worship music is played in mosques, synagogues, and churches
• Mystic rituals are also part of the musical tradition, comprising Sufis and Hassidic contexts

Vocal Music of Israel

• Devotional Vocal Music of Israel is almost entirely vocal
• It is featured during Sabbath and other holy days
• Hazan is a leader of prayer
• Shofar Vocal Music comprises special calls to prayer and repentance
• Secular Vocal Music of Israel uses instruments and voice
• It is played during life passage events that lies outside the religious domain
• It is very rhythmic and have popular/romantic texts

Instrumental Music of Israel

• The lute is similar to the Philippines' bandurria
• Hora involves a dance that is accompanied.
• It has strong off beats and asymmetric meters

Instruments from Israel

• Jewish Lyre, Psalterion, and Shofar
• Arab Instruments includes Goblet and Toft
• Middle Eastern Instruments includes Oud and Darbuk

Terms to Remember

• Bar Mitzvah, Jewish ceremony for a 13-year old boy
• Bat Mitzvah, Jewish ceremony for a 12-year old boy
• Chautal means "four claps"
• Guttural comprises grating speech sounds made in the throat
• Hassidic, Jewish devotional tradition
• High Holidays are holiest days of the year in Judaism
• Hinduism is a predominant religion of India
• Matra is a beat in Indian music
• Pasyon is sung during Holy Week in the Philippines
• Raga: Acoustic method of coloring the mind
• Sabbath is a Jewish holiday for rest
• Sangeet Music Hindu scriptures

Indian Art

• Ancient Period is an era where we find Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra, India
• Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments
• Classical Period depicts Shiva the destroyer who is also the cosmic-dancer
• Shiva holds fire (which he destroys), and a drum (heard when the world was created)

Indian Historical and Religious Contexts

• Islamic Ascendancy/Transitional Period is where Mahabharata and Ramayana emerged
• Islamic Ascendancy/Transitional Period: Evolution from Vedism to Hinduism
• Mogul Period is an where Taj Majal was built by Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife
• Diwali is celebrated by Hindus in India around October or November
• Diwali is a 3-day or a 5-day exciting and a colorful holiday
• Lakshmi, Hindu goddess of wealth
• Diyas is burned by every household during the special Diwali clay lamp

Indian Art: Rangoli

• Rangoli is one of the most beautiful and most pleasing art forms of India
• Rangoli is art that uses white powder along with diff. colors to create designs on walls/floors
• Rang means color
• Aavalli means row of colors
• These Rangoli patterns are based on nature, such as, mangoes, creepers, flowers and peacocks

Pakistan Art and Textiles

• Pakistan has four recognized periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, Colonial, and Post-Colonial
• Pre-Islamic building examples: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Kot Diji
• Pakistan's truck are brightly colored flamboyant trucks painted with flowers, trees, city streets etc.
• Uzbek textiles are known for: Printed tablecloth, Printed curtains, Printed bedspreads, Printed shawls
• Uzbek ceramics hold a prominent place among the applied arts, decorated using nomadic patterns/designs
• Common Uzbek design themes are clothing, utility tools, yurts and horses' saddles

Tajikistan and Turkmenistan Textiles and Art

• Tajikistan has been making fabrics, utensils, musical instruments, carpets, furnitures and jewelries
• Tajikistan's carvings are very important to local residents, mostly present in architectural monuments, household structures, objects, musical instruments, and souvenirs
• Turkmenistan produce the most unique and beautiful carpets in the world that vary in shape and purpose, and follow different ancient patterns by each tribe
• Carpets are woven out of wool, cotton, and silk by women
• Keteni: a homespun silk used for the dresses worn by Turkmen women

Kyrgyz and Pakistan Textiles

• Kyrgyzstan produce a wide range of textiles
• These textiles are mostly the felt from their sheep
• Shirdaks are hand-made carpets or rugs
• Tush kyiz: embroided wall hangings made by elder women, given to a married son / daughter
• Flat cushions that are made in shadow-pairs

Physical Education: Board Games

• Board games covered are scrabble and chess
• XXX flat cushions that are made in shadow-pairs
• xxx in the physical education section

Scrabble Key Terms and Gameplay

• Bingo a word played using the seven tiles, earning 50 points
• Blocking stops the opponent from making a potentially large score
• Challenge the process of calling out opponent when a player thinks a word isn't acceptable
• Count Tiles involves players counting tiles before and after the game
• Double-Double occurs when the play covers two Double-Word Squares on the board
• Pass: process of skipping a turn instead of exchanging tiles
• Scrabble is a game in which two to four players score points marked with a 15 by 15 grid
• Tiles is the game equipment consisting of a flat thin piece marked with characters
• Hook Letter / Hook is a letter that will spell a new word

Historic Chess

• Chess is a game that has been played for centuries, and originated in India in the 15th century
• Kings and Members of the upper class were only the ones to play this game
• Staunton designed the modern chess piece; and was an English master in the mid-1800's
• London tourney in 1851: first international chess tournament and won by Adolf Aderssen
• Paul Morphy - the first great American-born chess player, and travelled to Europe to compete

Chess Key Figures

• Steinitz was a Bohemian also known as Czechoslovakian
• He won the first official championship chess tournament in 1866 in London, until 1894
• Russia has been the one recently topping the chess games, Tal, Alekhine, Petrosian, Spassky, Smyslov, Anatoli Karpov, and Garry Kasparov

Chess: Pieces and Board

• King One of the chess Pieces that is most important; yet the weakest chess piece, that only moves one square in any direction
• Queen One of the chess Pieces that is most powerful, and moves in all the directions except in the L-shape
• Rook One of the chess Pieces that moves to any square as far as it wants but only forward, backward and to the sides
• Bishop One of the chess Pieces that may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally
• Knight One of the chess Pieces that moves just by doing the “L-shape"
• Pawn One of the chess Pieces that moves forward, but captures diagonally

Chess: Terms to Remember

• Castling is a move between the king and the rook of the same color
• Check is the result of a move that places the opposing king under an immediate threat
• Checkmate One player's king is threatened with capture
• Chess - Board game for two players, each beginning with 16 pieces
• Draw Chess game where nobody ends as a winner
• En Passant A special pawn capture
• Promotion: Ability of a pawn wherein it reaches the last row of the other side of the board

Benefits of Chess

• Chess increases mathematical/scientific skills of the student, by enhancing problem solving skills, concentration ability, and logical thinking ability
• Chess: Develops self-confidence/self-worth of a student, improves communication skills, teaches lessons on hard work/commitment and provides entertainment/relaxation
• Chess is a form of recreational therapy; keeps the mind healthy and strengthens family relationships

Dominoes Gameplay Details and Key Terms

• Dominoes Collective gaming pieces making up a domino set
• It mimics family situation wherein the pieces are interconnected, and it needs to match together
• Any rectangle formed from joining two congruent squares edge to edge

Dominoes History

• Dominoes is derived from the Latin "dominus" and means master of the house
• Domine for Scottish dominoes' context
• Domine for English: Mean schoolmaster
• "Domino" in France means black and white hood worn by Christian priests in winter
• Dominoes gameplay is very popular in the countries like Italy, France, Britain in the 18th century

Dominoes Overview and Key Terms

• Dominoes also called as bones, because the earliest domino tiles are made from animal bones/ivory
• Tiles, Stones, Men, Tickets, and Spinners

Domino Key Terms

• Pips are spots in a domino tile, that means “spot” or “speck”
• Tile games found in China, created by Keung T'ai Kung
• Chu Sz Yam: he said that domino was invented by a statesman
• Domino Set usually called as "packs" / "decks”, consist of 28 dominoes

Key terms to remember within the Domino section

• Bar, the middle line dividing the two squares of a tile
• Blocked game, which occurs when neither player has tiles that they can't play
• Bones, also known as the domino tiles
• Bone Yard, stock of domino pieces
• Dots Spot of a bone
• Draw Game in which a player has no playable piece and is forced to draw from the stock

Health and Pathogens

• Pathogens: Tiny microorganisms cause the most common diseases
• Pathogens: Infect/invade the body, and attack its cells and tissues

Viruses and Types of Pathogens

• Types Of Pathogens: Bacteria has one-celled microscopic organisms
• Types Of Pathogens: Bacteria ranks among the most widespread of living things
• Saprophytes is the process in which they digest non-living food (milk and meat)
• Parasite a is a living plant / animal
• Host is the plant/animal that the parasite feeds on

Toxin and Resident Bacteria

• Toxin Bacteria (1st Type of Bacteria) food poison like botulism, they live soil, Tetanus, lockjaw or pneumonia
• Resident Bacteria (2nd Type of Bacteria) live in the human mouth, intestines and skin
• Resident Bacteria protect us from harmful bacteria an infections when they move to another resident
• Lactobacilli type of bacteria produces lactic acid is found in gastro-intestinal tract
• Coliform bacilli: a bacteria found in the intestines, breaking down carbohydrates

Rickettsiae

• Rickettsiae organisms are intermediate
• Rickettsiae is between a virus and a bacterium
• Rickettsiae grow in intestinal tracts of insects
• Rickettsiae requires living cells in order to grow
• Lice, mites and ticks carry rickettsiae to humans

Viruses

• Viruses are small, simple life-like forms from ½ to 100 size of a bacteria
• Viruses are human body's worst enemies and all are parasites
• Viruses: Rabies attacks the brain cells
• Viruses: Attacks Nervous System; Polio, Cold Enters Respiratory System
• Viruses: Hepatitis Affects Liver and Mumps/Mononucleosis Infect the Glandular Tissues
• Viruses: attack Skin Tissues; Small Pox, Chicken Pox, Shingles, and Warts
• Type of Viruses: a virus enters, attaches, and release

Fungi

• Fungi comprises simple organisms unable to make their own food and are therefore Saprophytes

Fungi Continued

• Fungi lives on dead animals, insects, and leaves mostly in dark and damp
• Fungi such as Mushroom and Yeast are most common.
• Disease Producing Fungi invades Deep Tissues of Hair, Nails, and Skin
• Type of Fungi: Cause Infections on Scalp, Feet, Pathogenic
• Type of Fungi: Pathogenic Fungi causes Brain Inflammation and Lung Infections

Protozoa Overview

• Protozoa is a single Cell Organisms larger than Bacteria than have complex Cell Structure
• Protozoa type, most of these are harmless
• Protozoa type, often common in Tropical area with poor Sanitation

Diseases and Infections

• Protozoa cause the following diseases Malaria, African Sleeping Sickness, Amoebic dysentery, Severe Intestinal Infection
• Parasitic Worms defined as a Worm is a parasite, a disease-causing organism living in humans or other animals
• Parasitic worms derives their Nourishment form its Host with Examples lice, Bacteria, and Viruses that live in humans
• Parasitic worms lives on the skin
• Parasitic Worms called Helminths and these type of Eggs enter the body through the Mouth, Nose or Anus
• Type of Worms that lodge and hatches in the intestines can grow

Worms in Context

• Round Worms enters the body and can infect and effect you and be treated
• Pin Worms that causes trichinosis, seat worms and can also enter the body and infect and effect you and be treated

Ways Infections are Transmitted

• Tape Worms lives in the intestines and can infect and effect you and be treated
• Flukes lives on different locations of the body and can infect and effect you and be treated
• Chain of Infection: 1 Pathogen, 2 Reserve, 3 exit, 4 Method,5 Entry, and 6. Host, with two types Direct and Indirect

Transmission

• A disease where you can't resist a micro organism that is invading your body
• It Can be the mode with of Transmission is like Contact, Food, and Water that are Vector Borne
• One can get infected with Direct kissing, handshake, and sleeping with someone who has lice

Diseases Transmission

• Here are some examples of Direct Diseases transmission is like hand foot and mouth. With scabies as one of infections and chickenpox. With chickenpox and some preventive measures

Prevention

• Preventative M are isolation, hands clean, not sharing, glove usage
• Some direct transmission of food can have gastro and viral

Diseases Transmitted through Ingestion

• You can spread the following diseases through ingestion: Viral, Cholera, and Dysenteny
• Other ingested Hepatitis like A and E. Where you have to take all the precautions to prevent the spread of the pathogens

Vector Transmission

• You can spread the following transmission if mosquito and insects transmit bacteria to you. You can spread: Dengue, Malaria, and Japanese

Hygiene

• Preventative Steps To Make You Safe and keep your self Clean, avoid Mosquitos and other elements
• One can experience Direct In Transmission, Where the disease can spread by Coughing and Sneezing
• Some Diseases such as Influenza and colds spread through direct transmission
• Preventive measure One has to have Good indoor ventilation
• One has to keep both hands clean but covering up you mouth and sneezing in surgery where have to keep distance

Air Born Diseases

• Air Born Diseases can give you like such a disease, You can have and is and tuberculosis

Hygiene and Stages

• Hygiene is a way of preventive measures to avoid infections and spread illness
• In preventive measures, one also as an individual may prevent the spread by good habits
• There are stages where infection starts: Incubation, the first stage where you can carry and transmit
• Next second stages are Prodromal, Illness, stage, and Convalescence

Skin conditions

• Skin Irritation or a disease where a bacteria causes irritation and dryness
• This Bacteria or infections must where loose fit clothing and dry your self after showers
• Skin condition can cause or trigger acne where can cause distress
• Preventive actions keep your self Clean, avoid touching, stay calm, do not stress!

Other kinds of Health Conditions to prevent bacteria and diseases

• Do not self harm or touch other people
• Athlete, you wash, stay clean, do not cause friction. Get yourself ready to treat other and you. This is how you prevent the spread In conclusion the stages of these diseases are preventability
• Characterized by genital, itching is a reason for concern wash it keep it clean and neat, and call the Doctor.
• NOTE: If you can answer these prompts well then these study notes are sufficient :)