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Wk 1 - Cell Adaptation & Injury
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Wk 1 - Cell Adaptation & Injury

Created by
@WellKnownFlute

Questions and Answers

What are the building blocks of life?

  • Cells (correct)
  • Tissues
  • Organ systems
  • Organs

    • What is the main energy currency of cells?

    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

    Which of the following processes produces ATP in cells?

  • Aerosol respiration
  • Fermentation
  • Aerobic respiration (correct)
  • Photosynthesis

    • Ions are equally distributed across intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must glucose do to enter a cell?

    <p>Pass through a transport protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger molecules such as amino acids can easily diffuse across the cell membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of glycolysis, and how does the presence of oxygen affect pyruvate molecules?

    <p>Glycolysis yields 2 ATPs and produces 2 pyruvate molecules. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria to generate significantly more ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) in terms of location and composition.

    <p>Intracellular fluid is contained within cells, while extracellular fluid encompasses all body fluids outside cells, including interstitial and intravascular fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of concentration gradients of ions such as sodium and potassium in body fluids?

    <p>Concentration gradients of sodium and potassium are vital for normal cell function, influencing electrical gradients and cellular excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of ATP in maintaining ion concentration gradients across the cell membrane.

    <p>ATP is required to actively transport ions against their concentration gradients, essential for functions like nerve impulse transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the normal concentration ranges of sodium and potassium in extracellular fluid (ECF).

    <p>Sodium in ECF is 135-145 mmol/L, and potassium is 2.5-5 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the transport of calcium ions (Ca2+) in terms of its concentration inside and outside the cell?

    <p>Calcium concentration in ECF ranges from 8.5-10.5 mmol/L, while it is much lower inside the ICF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the terms intra-, inter-, and trans- relate to fluid compartments in the body?

    <p>Intra- refers to fluids within cells, inter- refers to fluids between cells, and trans- refers to fluids that cross boundaries, such as synovial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the effect of ion concentration gradients on cell membrane potential.

    <p>Ion concentration gradients create an electrical potential across the cell membrane, enabling processes such as action potentials in neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is glycolysis considered inefficient in terms of ATP production compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis produces only 2 ATPs per glucose molecule, whereas aerobic respiration in mitochondria can yield many more ATPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the main compartments of extracellular fluid and briefly describe their roles.

    <p>The main compartments of extracellular fluid include intravascular (plasma) and interstitial fluids, playing roles in nutrient transport and tissue hydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Human body consists of various cell types, organized into tissues, then organs, forming organ systems, ultimately creating the organism.
    • Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life, acting as the smallest living functional units.
    • Essential for cell survival: oxygen and nutrients, and elimination of waste like carbon dioxide via respiration.
    • Specialized regions and organelles within cells perform diverse functions.

    Key Organelles

    • Cell Membrane

      • Semi-permeable, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded transport proteins.
      • Allows diffusion of respiratory gases (O2, CO2) but requires transport proteins for ions (Na+) and large molecules (amino acids, glucose).

    • Mitochondria

      • Primary site for ATP production through aerobic cellular respiration.
      • ATP powers processes such as transport, chemical reactions, and muscle contractions.

    • Other Organelles

      • Transport and storage vesicles
      • Lysosomes
      • Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
      • Golgi apparatus
      • Nucleus

    Energy in Cells

    • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) serves as the energy currency for cellular functions.
    • Cells metabolize larger molecules to generate ATP for processes like active transport, chemical work, and mechanical functions.
    • Aerobic respiration is the process of producing ATP from glucose, requiring oxygen:
      • Glucose enters through transport proteins.
      • Undergoes glycolysis to form 2 pyruvate molecules, yielding limited ATP.
      • Pyruvate is further processed in mitochondria to generate additional ATP.

    Body Fluids and Ion Concentrations

    • Two primary fluid compartments:

      • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid contained within cells.
      • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, includes:
        • Intravascular (plasma)
        • Interstitial (between cells)
        • Transcellular (synovial fluid, urine, pleural fluid)

    • Ion Concentration

      • Ions are unevenly distributed between ICF and ECF, crucial for normal cell function.
      • ATP is essential to move ions against concentration gradients.

    • Key Ions and Concentrations

      • Sodium (Na+)

        • ECF: 135-145 mmol/L
        • ICF: 10-14 mmol/L
        • Higher concentration in ECF.

      • Potassium (K+)

        • ECF: 2.5-5 mmol/L
        • ICF: 140-150 mmol/L
        • Higher concentration in ICF.

      • Calcium (Ca2+)

        • ECF: 8.5-10.5 mmol/L
        • Specific ICF concentration not provided.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Human body consists of various cell types, organized into tissues, then organs, forming organ systems, ultimately creating the organism.
    • Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life, acting as the smallest living functional units.
    • Essential for cell survival: oxygen and nutrients, and elimination of waste like carbon dioxide via respiration.
    • Specialized regions and organelles within cells perform diverse functions.

    Key Organelles

    • Cell Membrane

      • Semi-permeable, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded transport proteins.
      • Allows diffusion of respiratory gases (O2, CO2) but requires transport proteins for ions (Na+) and large molecules (amino acids, glucose).

    • Mitochondria

      • Primary site for ATP production through aerobic cellular respiration.
      • ATP powers processes such as transport, chemical reactions, and muscle contractions.

    • Other Organelles

      • Transport and storage vesicles
      • Lysosomes
      • Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
      • Golgi apparatus
      • Nucleus

    Energy in Cells

    • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) serves as the energy currency for cellular functions.
    • Cells metabolize larger molecules to generate ATP for processes like active transport, chemical work, and mechanical functions.
    • Aerobic respiration is the process of producing ATP from glucose, requiring oxygen:
      • Glucose enters through transport proteins.
      • Undergoes glycolysis to form 2 pyruvate molecules, yielding limited ATP.
      • Pyruvate is further processed in mitochondria to generate additional ATP.

    Body Fluids and Ion Concentrations

    • Two primary fluid compartments:

      • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid contained within cells.
      • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, includes:
        • Intravascular (plasma)
        • Interstitial (between cells)
        • Transcellular (synovial fluid, urine, pleural fluid)

    • Ion Concentration

      • Ions are unevenly distributed between ICF and ECF, crucial for normal cell function.
      • ATP is essential to move ions against concentration gradients.

    • Key Ions and Concentrations

      • Sodium (Na+)

        • ECF: 135-145 mmol/L
        • ICF: 10-14 mmol/L
        • Higher concentration in ECF.

      • Potassium (K+)

        • ECF: 2.5-5 mmol/L
        • ICF: 140-150 mmol/L
        • Higher concentration in ICF.

      • Calcium (Ca2+)

        • ECF: 8.5-10.5 mmol/L
        • Specific ICF concentration not provided.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the fundamental aspects of cell adaptation, injury, and death. It reviews how different cell types interact to form tissues and subsequently organs, highlighting the hierarchy from cell to organism. Understanding these concepts is vital for comprehending human biology and pathology.

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