Cell Adaptation and Injury Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis in the context of cellular function?

  • The susceptibility of cells to irreversible injury.
  • The ability of cells to reproduce at an accelerated pace.
  • The ability of cells to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes. (correct)
  • The process by which cells undergo unlimited division.

    • Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

  • Endometrial hyperplasia due to excessive estrogen.
  • Enlargement of skeletal muscles in athletes. (correct)
  • Enlargement of the prostate as a result of androgens.
  • Cardiomegaly due to hypertension.

    • Which form of adaptation results in an increase in cell number?

  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia (correct)
  • Metaplasia

    • What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in tissues?

    <p>Removal or disease of part of the tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Irreversible cellular injury ultimately leads to what outcome?

    <p>Cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pathologic hyperplasia primarily caused by?

    <p>Hormonal or growth factor stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, the enlargement of the uterus is primarily due to which adaptations?

    <p>Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?

    <p>Cardiomegaly secondary to hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of ATP depletion in cells due to hypoxia?

    <p>Increase in intracellular Na+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is particularly sensitive to hypoxic injury?

    <p>Brain tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH of the cellular environment during hypoxic injury?

    <p>It decreases due to lactic acid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for injury in hypoxic cells?

    <p>Decreased ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of free radicals in cellular injury?

    <p>They cause damage to cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is initiated when cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>Accumulation of lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could block oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in ATP depletion?

    <p>Cyanide exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the cell edema observed in hypoxic cells?

    <p>Failure of the Na+ pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atrophy primarily caused by?

    <p>Decrease in workload or nerve supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a cause of ischemia?

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia primarily characterized by?

    <p>The replacement of one cell type with another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hypoxia?

    <p>Inadequate oxygenation of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how metaplasia can occur?

    <p>Conversion of ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a cause of cell injury?

    <p>Intense exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malnutrition relate to atrophy?

    <p>It results in a loss of muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does chronic irritation play in metaplasia?

    <p>It stimulates the reprogramming of stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of prolonged ATP depletion in relation to protein synthesis?

    <p>Detachment of ribosomes from the rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of oxygen-derived free radical?

    <p>Nitric oxide ($NO$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals?

    <p>Attack on the double bonds of polyunsaturated lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes karyorrhexis?

    <p>Fragmentation of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature distinguishes necrosis from other types of cell death?

    <p>Presence of inflammation and cellular swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hematoxylin-eosin staining, what color does the necrotic cell's cytoplasm appear?

    <p>Pink due to denatured protein binding to eosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antioxidant is commonly recognized for its role in protecting against free radical damage?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by preserved tissue structure for several days?

    <p>Coagulation necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by the complete digestion of dead cells by enzymes, resulting in a liquid mass?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of necrosis does a 'line of separation' typically form between the affected and viable tissue?

    <p>Dry gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which necrosis is specifically associated with adipose tissue and involves lipase action?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caseous necrosis is primarily associated with which type of infection?

    <p>Tuberculous infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical appearance of tissue affected by dry gangrene?

    <p>Dry, shrunken, and dark black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes wet gangrene from dry gangrene?

    <p>Rapid development due to moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT typically affected by ischemia resulting in liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the appearance of caseous necrosis?

    <p>Cheese-like and yellow-white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of individual cells rather than their number?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions typically results in pathologic hyperplasia?

    <p>Excessive estrogen stimulation in the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compensatory hyperplasia is observed under which circumstance?

    <p>When a portion of liver tissue is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving factor for physiological hypertrophy in skeletal muscles of athletes?

    <p>Increased functional demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is characterized by the increase in cell number but requires the ability for cells to replicate?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of long-term excessive hormonal stimulation leading to hyperplasia?

    <p>Abnormal uterine bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations is primarily a response to increased demands on cardiac muscle cells, often due to hypertension?

    <p>Pathological hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the reversible changes in cells due to injury?

    <p>They may resolve upon removal of the causing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to muscular atrophy?

    <p>Decreased muscle use or immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is triggered in cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological impact of hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased cellular oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios can lead to atrophy due to ischemia?

    <p>Age-related changes in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of metaplasia induced by vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Ciliated epithelial cells to squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents can cause cell injury through direct physical trauma?

    <p>Extremes of temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to hypoxia?

    <p>Increased oxygenation of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular response is primarily involved in the genetic reprogramming of stem cells?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the acidic staining of necrotic cell cytoplasm in hematoxylin-eosin staining?

    <p>Loss of cytoplasmic RNA and increased binding of eosin to denatured proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant effect of oxidative stress on cells?

    <p>Damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change is an early indicator of nuclear alteration in necrotic cells?

    <p>Nuclear shrinkage (Pyknosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows free radicals to induce cell injury through lipid peroxidation?

    <p>Attacking double bonds in membrane lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs as a result of protein cross-linking induced by free radicals?

    <p>Degradation and loss of enzymatic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the alkaline staining of necrotic cell cytoplasm compared to viable cells?

    <p>Loss of RNA and a rise in denatured proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death primarily involves the degrading action of enzymes on irreversibly damaged cells?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glutathione play in cellular health?

    <p>Acts as an antioxidant against oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in cells during hypoxic injury that leads to cell edema?

    <p>Increased intracellular sodium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular change is a consequence of excessive lactic acid accumulation during hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased enzyme activity due to acidic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does ATP depletion have on the sodium-potassium pump during hypoxia?

    <p>Inability to maintain sodium and potassium balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cellular death in brain tissues following hypoxia?

    <p>Sensitivity of brain tissue to oxygen deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the degree of cellular injury from injurious agents?

    <p>The combined effects of the injurious agent, cellular type, and duration of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT associated with hypoxic cellular injury?

    <p>Activation of oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of prolonged ATP depletion due to hypoxia in tissues?

    <p>Damage to cellular components from excess calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can directly cause ATP depletion alongside hypoxia?

    <p>Toxic chemicals like cyanide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Complete digestion of dead cells by enzymes resulting in a liquid mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gangrene is most commonly associated with ischemic tissue in the distal limbs?

    <p>Dry gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues would most likely develop liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection?

    <p>Lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of caseous necrosis in relation to specific infections?

    <p>It is commonly found in tuberculous infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis involves the action of lipase enzyme on adipose tissue?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the tissue appearance in dry gangrene?

    <p>Dry, shrunken, and dark black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is associated with a rapid progression of gangrenous tissue and is most commonly linked to diabetic patients?

    <p>Wet gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Adaptation and Injury

    • Homeostasis is the cell's ability to maintain a stable state by adjusting structure and function within a narrow range, reacting to extracellular changes.
    • Adaptations are modifications to the homeostatic state to counteract severe changes (physiological or pathological) and prevent injury or death.
    • Adaptation changes can be reversible, with cells returning to normal upon removal of the offending agent, or irreversible, leading to cell death.
    • Reversible cell changes include adaptation, while irreversible changes lead to cell damage and ultimately, cell death.
    • Cell injury can induce reversible or irreversible modifications to the morphology and function of the affected cells.

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, leading to organ enlargement.

      • It occurs in cells with limited division capacity.
      • Causes include increased functional demand, growth factors, and hormonal stimulation.
        • Physiological hypertrophy: common in athletes' skeletal muscles or enlarged uteri during pregnancy.
        • Pathological hypertrophy: results from cardiovascular issues like hypertension or aortic valve disease.

    • Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, and it can only happen in cells capable of replication (mitosis).

      • Physiological hyperplasia occurs in response to hormonal stimulation, like glandular epithelium proliferation in the female breast during puberty or pregnancy.
      • Enlargement of the gravid uterus is due to a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
      • Compensatory hyperplasia is the increase in cell number in response to tissue loss or damage, for example, the liver after partial resection.
      • Pathological hyperplasia: may result from excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation, such as endometrial hyperplasia caused by estrogen and benign prostatic hyperplasia due androgenic hormone stimulation

    Atrophy

    • Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to a combination of reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation.
    • Causes of atrophy include decreased workload (e.g., muscular atrophy from immobilization), denervation (loss of nerve supply), ischemia (reduced blood supply), malnutrition (starvation), and loss of endocrine stimulation (e.g., uterine atrophy after menopause).

    Metaplasia

    • Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell type to another, which may have a better chance of survival under specific circumstances.
    • It's a genetic "reprogramming" of stem cells, not a transformation of differentiated cells.
    • Examples include:
      • Cigarettes smokers: normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the trachea and bronchi replacing with stratified squamous epithelial cells.
      • Vitamin A deficiency can cause squamous metaplasia.
      • Chronic gastric reflux: normal stratified squamous epithelium in the lower esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation into gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium.

    Cell Injury

    • Cell injury happens when the adaptive responses are insufficient to counteract the severity or duration of a harmful stimulus. Causes of cell injury include:
      • Hypoxia/Ischemia: lack of oxygen, often from insufficient blood flow, disrupting aerobic respiration and leading to energy depletion.
      • Physical agents: Trauma, extreme temperatures, radiation, and electric shock.
      • Chemical agents: Concentrated glucose or salt (hypertonic solutions), poisons (cyanide), alcohol, and drugs.
      • Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
      • Immunological factors: Hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases.
      • Genetic defects: Such as an extra chromosome, causing Down Syndrome.
      • Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies/excesses of nutrients such as protein, calories, vitamins or cholesterol, contributing to disease.

    Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • The outcome of an injurious agent depends on the type, severity, and duration of its application to cells, as well as the type, status, and genetic makeup of the exposed cells.
    • Hypoxic cell injury is characterized by a lack of oxygen, leading to ATP depletion, swelling, pH decrease. - Oxidative phosphorylation is blocked during hypoxia. - Anaerobic glycolysis takes place to try to maintain energy production and produces Lactic acid. - The cell membrane integrity may be disrupted by an influx of Calcium ions, leading possible to more severe damage.

    Cell Death

    • Cell death can occur through either necrosis or apoptosis.

    Types of Necrosis

    • Coagulation necrosis: Tissue structure is preserved for several days. Occurs in all solid organs except the brain.
    • Liquefactive necrosis: Complete digestion of cells by enzymes, resulting in a liquid viscous mass in a cystic cavity (e.g., brain infarction, bacterial/fungal infections)
    • Caseous necrosis: A combination of coagulative and liquefactive changes, seen in the center of tuberculous granulomas, with a characteristic "cheese-like" appearance.
    • Fat necrosis: Specific pattern of cell death in adipose tissue due to lipase enzymes, seen after trauma or pancreatitis.
    • Gangrenous necrosis: A form of necrosis, represented by coagulative necrosis followed by liquefaction, which may be dry or wet, characterized by tissue death and discoloration.
      • Dry gangrene: Ischemia in the extremities of the limb that develops from lack of blood supply, leading to tissue death, which results in a blackened color.
      • Wet gangrene: Typically develops in the internal organs and moist tissues (such as the bowel lumen) and is associated with bacterial infection.
      • Gas gangrene: Bacteria like Clostridium perfringens infect tissues, causing gas production and tissue damage.

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is an internally controlled, energy-dependent process of programmed cell death.
    • Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does not induce inflammation.
    • Apoptotic cells shrink, fragment into apoptotic bodies, which are then engulfed by phagocytes, preventing damage to surrounding tissues.

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    Test your understanding of cell adaptation mechanisms and the impact of injury on cellular health. This quiz covers concepts like homeostasis, reversible and irreversible changes, and specific adaptations like hypertrophy. Challenge your knowledge on how cells respond to physiological and pathological conditions.

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