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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the vascular system?
What is the primary function of the vascular system?
What type of vessels carry blood away from the heart to body tissues and organs?
What type of vessels carry blood away from the heart to body tissues and organs?
What is the characteristic of blood flow in arteries?
What is the characteristic of blood flow in arteries?
Why is an arterial blood sample collected?
Why is an arterial blood sample collected?
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What is the purpose of an ABG test?
What is the purpose of an ABG test?
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In which type of tubes is an ABG test taken?
In which type of tubes is an ABG test taken?
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Who should perform an arterial blood sampling?
Who should perform an arterial blood sampling?
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Is fasting required before an ABG test?
Is fasting required before an ABG test?
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What is the approximate percentage of lymphocytes in white blood cells?
What is the approximate percentage of lymphocytes in white blood cells?
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What is the characteristic of the nucleus of phagocytes?
What is the characteristic of the nucleus of phagocytes?
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Where do white blood cells mature?
Where do white blood cells mature?
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What is the function of neutrophils?
What is the function of neutrophils?
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What is the function of monocytes?
What is the function of monocytes?
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What is the characteristic of platelets?
What is the characteristic of platelets?
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Where are platelets formed?
Where are platelets formed?
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What is the function of eosinophils?
What is the function of eosinophils?
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What is the primary function of capillaries in the body?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the body?
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What is a characteristic of blood flow through capillaries?
What is a characteristic of blood flow through capillaries?
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Why are capillaries ideal for exchanging substances between the blood and body cells?
Why are capillaries ideal for exchanging substances between the blood and body cells?
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What is an advantage of capillary blood sampling over venous blood sampling?
What is an advantage of capillary blood sampling over venous blood sampling?
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What is the main function of veins in the body?
What is the main function of veins in the body?
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What is a characteristic of veins that prevents blood from flowing backwards?
What is a characteristic of veins that prevents blood from flowing backwards?
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What is the purpose of venipuncture?
What is the purpose of venipuncture?
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Why are capillaries often used for point of care testing?
Why are capillaries often used for point of care testing?
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What is the primary component of plasma?
What is the primary component of plasma?
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What is the purpose of a clot activator in a blood tube?
What is the purpose of a clot activator in a blood tube?
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What type of sample is produced when a blood tube contains an anticoagulant?
What type of sample is produced when a blood tube contains an anticoagulant?
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What is found in serum?
What is found in serum?
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What is an example of a product of digestion found in plasma?
What is an example of a product of digestion found in plasma?
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What is whole blood used for in lab tests?
What is whole blood used for in lab tests?
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What is the primary reason for performing venipuncture?
What is the primary reason for performing venipuncture?
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What is the advantage of using veins in the antecubital area for venipuncture?
What is the advantage of using veins in the antecubital area for venipuncture?
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Why is it best to position the patient's hand slightly downward when collecting blood from a hand vein?
Why is it best to position the patient's hand slightly downward when collecting blood from a hand vein?
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What is the fluid portion of the blood called?
What is the fluid portion of the blood called?
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What is the purpose of rolling the patient's fingers underneath when collecting blood from a hand vein?
What is the purpose of rolling the patient's fingers underneath when collecting blood from a hand vein?
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What happens to blood once it is removed from the body?
What happens to blood once it is removed from the body?
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How many bones are found in the wrist and hand?
How many bones are found in the wrist and hand?
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What is the term for the back of the hand?
What is the term for the back of the hand?
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Study Notes
White Blood Cells
- There are two main types of white blood cells: 25% lymphocytes and 75% phagocytes
- Lymphocytes:
- Have a large, round nucleus that controls the production of antibodies
- Have only a small amount of cytoplasm
- Phagocytes:
- Have a variable shape
- Can move out of capillaries through their walls and engulf pathogens
- Have a lobed nucleus
Formation of White Blood Cells
- Develop from cells in the red bone marrow and mature in other organs (e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland)
- Formed in the red bone marrow
Functions of White Blood Cells
- Produce antibodies to destroy disease-causing bacteria and viruses (pathogens)
- Produce antitoxins to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
- Engulf and destroy pathogens
- Engulf pathogens destroyed by antibodies
Other Types of White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils:
- Protect against infections
- Make up approximately 40-60% of white blood cells
- First cells to arrive on the scene when experiencing a bacterial infection
- Eosinophils:
- Disease-fighting white blood cells
- Increase with allergies and parasite infestations
- Basophils:
- Part of the immune system
- Play a role in its proper function
- Monocytes:
- Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
- First line of defense in the inflammatory process
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Structure:
- Cell fragments
- Have no nucleus and only live for about 10 days
- Formation:
- Formed from cells in the red bone marrow
- Functions:
- Help the body form clots to stop bleeding
- Respond to damaged blood vessels and form a plug (clot) to fix the damage
The Vascular System
- Also called the circulatory system
- Made up of vessels that carry blood and lymph through the body
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and takes away tissue waste matter
- Composed of:
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
Arteries
- Transport blood away from the heart to body tissues and organs
- Blood flows through under high pressure
- Blood moves in pulses created as the ventricles contract
- Blood flows rapidly
- Blood is oxygenated, except in the pulmonary artery
- Most lie deep within the body, protected by layers of tissue
- Do not possess valves, except the aorta and pulmonary artery as they leave the ventricles of the heart
- Have walls composed of three layers, thick and elastic to withstand high pressure
Capillaries
- Transport blood throughout all body tissues and organs, linking arteries to veins
- Blood flows through under low pressure
- Blood flows smoothly
- Blood flows very slowly
- Blood becomes deoxygenated as it travels through capillaries
- Run throughout all tissues and organs
- Do not possess valves
- The walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, so substances pass easily between the blood and body cells
- Extremely narrow and branch repeatedly, so that all body cells are close to capillaries
Veins
- Transport blood back towards the heart from body tissues and organs
- Blood flows through under low pressure
- Blood flows smoothly
- Blood flows slowly
- Blood is deoxygenated, except in the pulmonary vein
- Many lie close to the body surface
- Possess valves to prevent low pressure, slow flowing blood from flowing backwards
- Have walls composed of three layers, thin because they do not have to withstand high pressure
- The lumen is wide, so it does not resist the flow of low pressure blood
Venipuncture
- The puncture of a vein as part of a medical procedure, typically to withdraw a blood sample or for an intravenous injection
- There are three veins primarily used by the phlebotomist to obtain venous blood specimens: the median cubital, the cephalic, and the basilic veins
- Alternate sites available for venipuncture, including the veins on the back of the hand and wrist
Blood Composition
- Blood is a mixture of fluid and cells
- The fluid portion of the blood is called plasma; the cellular portion is referred to as the formed elements
- Cellular portion: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- Coagulation: the clotting of blood, which takes place within 30-60 minutes after blood is removed from the body
- Serum: the remaining fluid part of the sample, separated from the clot by spinning the sample in a centrifuge
- Plasma: the liquid part of the blood, composed of about 90% water and 10% dissolved substances, including products of digestion, waste products, hormones, and plasma proteins
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Description
Learn about the characteristics and functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes, two main types of white blood cells in the human body. Understand their structure, production, and role in the immune system.
