Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of white blood cell (WBC) is primarily responsible for initiating adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation?
Which type of white blood cell (WBC) is primarily responsible for initiating adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation?
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Dendritic cells (correct)
- Macrophages
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
- They are part of the adaptive immune system.
- They require prior sensitization to an antigen.
- They induce apoptosis in infected or cancerous cells. (correct)
- They produce antibodies.
What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
- Phagocytosis of pathogens
- Producing antibodies (correct)
- Directly killing infected cells
- Activating T cells
T cells play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. Which type of T cell is responsible for directly killing infected cells?
T cells play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. Which type of T cell is responsible for directly killing infected cells?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. Which of the following is NOT a typical function of APCs?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are essential for initiating adaptive immune responses. Which of the following is NOT a typical function of APCs?
Histamine is a key mediator in allergic reactions. What is its primary effect on blood vessels?
Histamine is a key mediator in allergic reactions. What is its primary effect on blood vessels?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune system. What is their primary function?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune system. What is their primary function?
The complement system is a part of the innate immune system. What is the main outcome of the classical complement pathway activation?
The complement system is a part of the innate immune system. What is the main outcome of the classical complement pathway activation?
What is the primary mechanism of action of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
What is the primary mechanism of action of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?
Interferons are cytokines that play a crucial role in defense against viral infections. What is their primary mechanism of action?
Interferons are cytokines that play a crucial role in defense against viral infections. What is their primary mechanism of action?
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, play a central role in adaptive immunity. What is the primary function of antibodies?
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, play a central role in adaptive immunity. What is the primary function of antibodies?
Haptens are small molecules that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a carrier protein. Why are haptens unable to elicit an immune response on their own?
Haptens are small molecules that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a carrier protein. Why are haptens unable to elicit an immune response on their own?
IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype in serum. What is one of its key functions?
IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype in serum. What is one of its key functions?
Perforin and granzymes are cytotoxic proteins released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. What is their combined function?
Perforin and granzymes are cytotoxic proteins released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. What is their combined function?
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in T cell proliferation. What is its primary source?
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in T cell proliferation. What is its primary source?
What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?
What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death. What is its primary role in the immune system?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death. What is its primary role in the immune system?
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. What is one of their key functions?
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. What is one of their key functions?
How do macrophages contribute to the adaptive immune response?
How do macrophages contribute to the adaptive immune response?
Which of the following immune cells is most effective at targeting and destroying virally infected cells by inducing apoptosis?
Which of the following immune cells is most effective at targeting and destroying virally infected cells by inducing apoptosis?
Which process involves the destruction of a cell through the insertion of proteins that create pores in the cell membrane?
Which process involves the destruction of a cell through the insertion of proteins that create pores in the cell membrane?
Which cells are specialized to engulf pathogens and present their antigens to T cells, thus bridging innate and adaptive immune responses?
Which cells are specialized to engulf pathogens and present their antigens to T cells, thus bridging innate and adaptive immune responses?
The complement system enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promotes inflammation, and attacks pathogen cell membranes. Which of the following processes is NOT directly a result of complement activation?
The complement system enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promotes inflammation, and attacks pathogen cell membranes. Which of the following processes is NOT directly a result of complement activation?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate but temporary protection?
Which type of immunity is characterized by the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate but temporary protection?
How do cytokines affect the behavior of immune cells?
How do cytokines affect the behavior of immune cells?
Flashcards
Macrophages
Macrophages
Immune cells that ingest and destroy pathogens, and present antigens to T cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
A type of cell that triggers apoptosis (cell death) of infected cells.
Cytokines
Cytokines
A family of proteins secreted by cells to signal and regulate immune responses.
Complement System
Complement System
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Cytolysis
Cytolysis
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Interferon
Interferon
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Haptens
Haptens
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Ig Antibodies
Ig Antibodies
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Perforin
Perforin
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Granzymes
Granzymes
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Interleukin
Interleukin
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Histamine
Histamine
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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
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Study Notes
- White Blood Cells (WBCs): Also known as leukocytes, they are crucial components of the immune system, defending the body against infection and disease.
Types of WBCs
- Dendritic Cells: Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells.
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Lymphocytes that recognize and kill infected or cancerous cells.
- B Cells: Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
- T Cells: Lymphocytes that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity, including helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Key Immune Components
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Cells that display antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response.
- Histamine: A compound released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
- Cytokines: Signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.
- Complement System: A group of proteins in blood plasma that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.
- Membrane Attack Complex (MAC): A structure formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes in the complement system, leading to cytolysis.
- Cytolysis: The destruction of cells through the rupture of their cell membrane.
- Interferon: A protein produced by cells infected with viruses, which inhibits viral replication and activates immune cells.
- Antibodies (Immunoglobulins): Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralization.
- Haptens: Small molecules that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger carrier such as a protein.
- Perforin: A protein released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that creates pores in target cells, leading to their death.
- Granzymes: Enzymes released by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that enter target cells through perforin pores and induce apoptosis.
- Interleukin: A type of cytokine that mediates communication between leukocytes and other cells.
Types of Immunity
- Immunity can be broadly categorized into innate and adaptive immunity, with further subdivisions based on the mechanisms and cells involved.
Key Immune Processes
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a critical process in the immune system for eliminating infected or abnormal cells.
- Macrophages: Phagocytic cells that engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and other foreign substances.
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