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Questions and Answers
Which type of granulocyte contains granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes?
Which type of granulocyte contains granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes?
- Basophils
- Neutrophils (correct)
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
What is the typical total leukocyte count (TLC) range for a healthy adult?
What is the typical total leukocyte count (TLC) range for a healthy adult?
- 1000–4000/mm3
- 11,000–20,000/mm3
- 25,000–50,000/mm3
- 4000–11,000/mm3 (correct)
In which age group is the total leukocyte count at its highest, reaching between 10,000–25,000/mm3?
In which age group is the total leukocyte count at its highest, reaching between 10,000–25,000/mm3?
- Adults
- Children, 4–7 years
- Infants up to 1 year
- Newborns, full-term (correct)
Which type of agranulocyte is primarily involved in the immune response?
Which type of agranulocyte is primarily involved in the immune response?
What physiological variation is observed when there is an increase in the percentage of neutrophils?
What physiological variation is observed when there is an increase in the percentage of neutrophils?
What is a key distinguishing feature of basophils compared to other granulocytes?
What is a key distinguishing feature of basophils compared to other granulocytes?
Which of the following statements regarding WBCs is inaccurate?
Which of the following statements regarding WBCs is inaccurate?
What does a differential count measure in the context of WBCs?
What does a differential count measure in the context of WBCs?
What is the significance of DLC in blood tests?
What is the significance of DLC in blood tests?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with mature neutrophils?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with mature neutrophils?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
What happens to neutrophils after they have completed their defensive role?
What happens to neutrophils after they have completed their defensive role?
What types of substances do neutrophils release during inflammation?
What types of substances do neutrophils release during inflammation?
Which statement accurately describes the lifespan of neutrophils?
Which statement accurately describes the lifespan of neutrophils?
Which of the following is NOT a function of neutrophils?
Which of the following is NOT a function of neutrophils?
What is the primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?
What is the primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?
Which of the following accurately describes the granules of eosinophils?
Which of the following accurately describes the granules of eosinophils?
Neutrophil granules are best described by what feature?
Neutrophil granules are best described by what feature?
What characterizes the nucleus of basophils?
What characterizes the nucleus of basophils?
What is the main component of the eosinophil's granules known for its larvicidal properties?
What is the main component of the eosinophil's granules known for its larvicidal properties?
How do eosinophils respond during allergic reactions?
How do eosinophils respond during allergic reactions?
Which feature distinguishes neutrophils' febrile response from other white blood cells?
Which feature distinguishes neutrophils' febrile response from other white blood cells?
What is true about the morphological features of eosinophils?
What is true about the morphological features of eosinophils?
Which condition is not typically associated with eosinophil activity?
Which condition is not typically associated with eosinophil activity?
What primary role do mast cells play in the body?
What primary role do mast cells play in the body?
Which substance is released by mast cells during an allergic reaction that contributes to local vascular changes?
Which substance is released by mast cells during an allergic reaction that contributes to local vascular changes?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the interaction of mast cells with allergens?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the interaction of mast cells with allergens?
What is the key function of eosinophils in the context of allergic reactions?
What is the key function of eosinophils in the context of allergic reactions?
What does the presence of a large round nucleus in lymphocytes indicate?
What does the presence of a large round nucleus in lymphocytes indicate?
What substance do mast cells release that plays a role in preventing blood coagulation?
What substance do mast cells release that plays a role in preventing blood coagulation?
The primary location of mast cells in the body includes which of the following?
The primary location of mast cells in the body includes which of the following?
Which of the following lies at the center of the humoral immunity process?
Which of the following lies at the center of the humoral immunity process?
What primary role do T lymphocytes play in the immune system?
What primary role do T lymphocytes play in the immune system?
What happens to monocytes after they are released from the bone marrow?
What happens to monocytes after they are released from the bone marrow?
Which of the following accurately describes the cytoplasm of monocytes?
Which of the following accurately describes the cytoplasm of monocytes?
What is a significant function of monocytes in the immune response?
What is a significant function of monocytes in the immune response?
Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily associated with which type of immunity?
Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily associated with which type of immunity?
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Study Notes
White Blood Cells (WBCs) Overview
- WBCs or leukocytes are colorless, nucleated cells vital for the body's defense mechanisms.
- Divided into two main categories: Granulocytes (contain granules) and Agranulocytes (lack granules).
Types of Granulocytes
-
Neutrophils:
- Multilobed nucleus (2-6 lobes) linked by chromatin.
- Cytoplasm has fine granules, staining violet-pink, containing lysosomal enzymes.
- Lifespan: Circulate for 8-10 hours; tissue presence up to 5 days.
- Functions:
- Phagocytosis of pathogens.
- Release inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins).
- Involved in febrile response.
-
Eosinophils:
- Bilobed nucleus, cytoplasm bright pink with coarse red-staining granules.
- Functions:
- Mild phagocytosis.
- Responses in allergic conditions and parasitic infestations.
- Release toxic proteins like Major Basic Protein (MBP) for defense against larger parasites.
-
Basophils:
- Irregular nucleus, numerous coarse granules staining purple/blue.
- Functions:
- Mild phagocytosis and significant role in allergic reactions.
- Release inflammatory mediators including histamine and heparin to prevent clotting.
Agranulocytes
-
Lymphocytes:
- Large round nucleus, scant cytoplasm with no visible granules.
- Types:
- B lymphocytes (humoral immunity, antibody production).
- T lymphocytes (cellular immunity).
- Natural Killer (NK) cells (innate immunity through non-specific killing).
-
Monocytes:
- Large, horseshoe-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm.
- Lifespan: Circulate for 10-20 hours before maturing into macrophages in tissues.
- Functions:
- Phagocytosis and clearance of dead cells and debris.
- Synthesize biologically important substances and participate in tumor immunity.
White Blood Cell Counts
- Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) varies by age:
- Adults: 4000-11,000/mm³
- At birth: 10,000-25,000/mm³
- Infants (up to 1 year): 6000-16,000/mm³
- Children (4-7 years): 5000-15,000/mm³
- Children (8-12 years): 4500-13,500/mm³
- Clinical significance of differential and absolute counts helps diagnose diseases by evaluating changes in specific WBC types.
Morphology of WBCs
- Neutrophils: Multilobed nucleus, pale bluish cytoplasm with pinpoint granules.
- Eosinophils: Bilobed nucleus, bright pink cytoplasm with coarse granules containing basic proteins.
- Basophils: Irregular nucleus overcrowded with granules, functions predominantly in allergic responses.
- Lymphocytes: Prominent nucleus with minimal cytoplasm, crucial for immune defense.
- Monocytes: Large nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, role in phagocytosis and tissue immunity.
Summary of Functions
- Neutrophils: First line of defense, inflammation, and fever response.
- Eosinophils: Mediators of allergic responses, defense against parasitic infections.
- Basophils: Release mediators that contribute to allergic reaction, prevent clotting.
- Lymphocytes: Essential for specific immune responses through antibodies and cellular actions.
- Monocytes: Major role in phagocytosis and tumor immunity, long lifespan in tissues.
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