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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the nucleus?

Coordinates cell's activities (correct)

Produces energy for the cell

Transports nutrients

Facilitates muscle contraction

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?

Linear molecule

Double helix (correct)

Triple helix

Single strand

What type of cells surround the basal surfaces of sensory cells?

Supporting cells (correct)

Basal cells

Nerve cells

Fibroblasts

Which is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?

Formed of closely packed cells Signup and view all the answers

What sugar molecule is found in the structure of RNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

Where are sensory cells primarily found?

Taste buds Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells provide immunological protection in connective tissue?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adipocytes in connective tissue?

Serve as a storage site for fat Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic types of tissues in the body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is primarily responsible for producing collagen fibers?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

Where are the genetic instructions within a cell primarily found?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

How many different types of RNA are there?

Three Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT found in connective tissue?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What component of connective tissue provides a passage for blood vessels and nerves?

Extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Stores fat and conserves body heat Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue contains a jelly-like matrix and few collagen fibers?

Mucoid connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes regular white fibrous tissue?

Regular bundles of fibers resisting stretch in one direction Signup and view all the answers

Where is reticular connective tissue primarily found?

Stroma of organs such as the liver and spleen Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers?

Yellow elastic tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of loose areolar tissue?

All types of connective tissue cells and fibers Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do tendon cells in white fibrous tissue have?

They are modified fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue appears predominantly in the umbilical cord?

Mucoid connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the cell membrane as observed under a light microscope?

It cannot be seen because it is too thin. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cell membrane is made up of lipids?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

To maintain the integrity of the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein spans the full thickness of the cell membrane?

Integral proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx?

To facilitate cell recognition. Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport does not require energy to move substances across the cell membrane?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes peripheral proteins from integral proteins in the cell membrane?

Peripheral proteins are located outside the lipid bilayer. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the cell membrane's structure?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ground substance in connective tissue?

Provides a medium for nutrient and waste transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue fiber is known for providing tensile strength?

White collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

How does ground substance in blood differ from that in connective tissue proper?

It is watery and lacks stabilizing macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do yellow elastic fibers possess?

They can stretch and recoil Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is known for having a soft, jelly-like ground substance?

Connective tissue proper Signup and view all the answers

What type of stain is used to visualize yellow elastic fibers?

Orcein stain Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of reticular fibers?

They form a branched network Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue fiber cannot be seen using routine H&E staining?

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is characterized by having more than one cell layer for protection?

Stratified epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stratified epithelium is covered with keratin?

Stratified squamous keratinized Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of transitional epithelium?

Allowing stretching of organs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland is ductless and secretes hormones directly into the blood?

Endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Goblet cells are an example of which type of secretion?

Mucous secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of secretion is primarily rich in protein?

Serous secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?

Contains cilia on the surface Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder and allows for stretching?

Transitional Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Histology and Cell Biology for Physical Therapy

This document is a study guide for histology and cell biology, specifically for physical therapy students.
The guide was created by staff members in 2024-2025.
Covers cytology, tissues of the body, and systems of the body.

Cytology

Cell membrane: Outer boundary of the cell, very thin (~8-10nm).
Membranous organelles: Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, coated vesicles.
Non-membranous organelles: Ribosomes, microtubules, filaments.
Inclusions: Non-essential for cell vitality (stored food, pigments, crystals).
Nucleus: Contains DNA, control center of eukaryotic cells, has nucleolus
Staining: Hematoxylin (basic- stains acidic structures, blue), Eosin (acidic- stains basic structures, pink).

Tissues of the Body

Epithelial tissues: Cover and line body surfaces, organs and glands.
Connective tissues: Support, connect and hold tissues and organs in place.
Muscular tissues: Involved in movement, contractility
Nervous tissues: Enable communication between parts of the body.

Systems of the Body

Cardiovascular system:
Lymphatic system:
Respiratory system:
Skin:
Digestive system:
Endocrine system:
Urinary system:
Reproductive system:

Structure of the Cell (Page 4)

Organelles (essential for cell vitality): Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Coated vesicles
Organelles (not essential for cell vitality): Stored food, pigments, crystals

Cell Membrane (Page 5)

Molecular structure: composed of 30% lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), 60% proteins (intrinsic and extrinsic), and 10% carbohydrates (glycoproteins and glycolipids).
Phospholipids: Arranged in two bilayers with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, explaining trilaminar appearance under electron microscope (EM).
Cholesterol: Constitutes 2% of membrane lipids. It maintains the integrity of the membrane.

Cell Membrane Functions (Page 6)

Passive transport: Simple diffusion (O2, CO2), facilitated diffusion (requires carrier protein), osmosis (water movement).
Active transport: Requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

Bulk Transport (Page 7)

Endocytosis: Phagocytosis (solid particles) and pinocytosis (fluid droplets).
Exocytosis: Cells discharge substances outside of the cell.

Mitochondria (Page 7)

Definition: Organelle for energy production.
Structure: Outer membrane, inner membrane with cristae (increase surface area).
Function: ATP generation, calcium level maintenance.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Page 8)

Rough ER (RER): Associated with ribosomes. Involved in protein synthesis. Located near the nucleus.
Smooth ER (SER): Lacks ribosomes. Functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Golgi Complex (Page 9)

Definition: Processes, packages, and sorts macromolecules (proteins and lipids).
Structure: Flattened sacs (cisternae), cis (immature) and trans (mature) faces.
Function: Modifies proteins, forms lysosomes, and participates in exocytosis.

Lysosomes (Page 10)

Definition: Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes, responsible for disposal of cell waste.
Types: Primary (spherical, homogenous), Secondary (heterogeneous, contain digested elements).
Functions: Digestion of old organelles, engulfed foreign invaders (bacteria), and cellular debris.

Non-membranous Cell Organelles (Page 11)

Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis. Free or attached to rER. Made up of small and large subunits.
Microtubules: Hollow cylindrical tubules that form part of the cytoskeleton, important in cell division and structure.
Filaments: Thin microfilaments (e.g., actin), intermediate filaments, and thick filaments (e.g., myosin). They are supportive elements, enable movement and contraction.

Cytoskeleton (Page 12)

Important for cell shape, structure, and movement; composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and thin microfilaments.

Cytoplasmic Inclusions (Page 12)

Non-living, temporary components produced by cell activities, such as stored food (carbohydrates, lipids), and pigments.

Types of Colored Pigments (Page 13)

Stored food: Carbohydrates (glycogen), proteins, lipids (fat cells)
Colored pigments: Endogenous (hemoglobin, melanin, lipofuscin); Exogenous (carotene, carbon particles, tattoo marks).
Crystals: Product of protein metabolism(uric acid crystals, accumulating in cells of the joints).

Nucleus (Page 14)

Definition: Control center of eukaryotic cells, containing DNA.
Structure: Nuclear membrane (double membrane with pores), nucleolus (involved in ribosome production), chromatin (DNA and proteins), nucleoplasm
Function: Contains DNA, controls cell activities, involved in ribosome production.

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) (Page 15)

DNA: Made of nucleotides; double helix; carries genetic information.
RNA: Single-stranded; several forms with different functions: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; involved in protein synthesis.

Epithelial Tissues (Page 17)

Definition: Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands.
General Characteristics: Polarity (apical vs. basal), basement membrane connection, attachment to other cells, tightly packed, avascular, innervated, and capable of regeneration.
Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, sensory reception, and more.
Classification: Simple (single layer) vs. Stratified (multiple layers); squamous, cuboidal, columnar.

Epithelial Tissue Types (Page 18)

Simple squamous: Flat cells-line lungs, blood vessels.
Simple cuboidal: Cube shaped cells-kidney and thyroid.
Simple columnar: Column shaped cells-stomach lining, small intestine.
Pseudostratified columnar: Appears layered, but a single layer- respiratory tract.
Stratified squamous: Protective layer, multiple layers- skin.
Stratified Cuboidal: Several layers of cube-shaped cells- sweat glands
Stratified columnar: Several layers of column-shaped cells - parts of the male urethra and large excretory ducts.
Transitional: Changing shape, allowing stretching- urinary bladder.

Glandular Epithelium (Page 20)

Definition: Cells specialized for secretion.
Classification: Based on presence/absence of ducts (endocrine vs. exocrine), and the type of secretion produced (serous, mucous, etc.).

Connective Tissues (Page 21)

Origin: Mesodermal origin
Characteristics: Cells widely separated by extracellular matrix, embedded fibres.
Functions: Mechanical support, nutritional support, immunological protection, and fat storage.
Components: Cells (undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, plasma cells) and extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibres).

Connective Tissue Cells (Page 21)

Undifferentiated Mesenchymal cells (UMCs): Stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types (fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes).
Fibroblasts: Produce fibres and ground substance.
Macrophages: Phagocytic cells involved in immune response.
Fat cells: Store energy in the form of lipids.
Plasma cells: Produce antibodies.

Connective Tissue Fibers (Page 24)

Collagen fibers: Strong, resist stretching; most common type, present in bundles.
Elastic fibers: Branch and anastomose; stretch and recoil; found in structures needing elasticity (e.g., blood vessels, lungs).
Reticular fibers: Fine network that forms a supportive framework for many organs; stained with silver.

Connective Tissue Types (Page 25)

Loose connective tissue: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue, mucoid tissue: Loose packing material that Supports and connects tissues and organs.
Dense connective tissue: White fibrous tissue, Yellow elastic tissue: Dense tissue providing strength and support.

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