Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of learning is indicated by the strengthening of the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
What type of learning is indicated by the strengthening of the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?
- Operant Conditioning
- Sensitization
- Habituation
- Classical Conditioning (correct)
Which principle states that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to be repeated while those followed by punishment are likely to be avoided?
Which principle states that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to be repeated while those followed by punishment are likely to be avoided?
- Law of Effect (correct)
- Principle of Reinforcement
- Law of Association
- Theory of Behaviorism
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
- Reward and punishment effects on behavior (correct)
- Simple learning processes
- Association between stimuli
- Habituation responses
What does reductivism suggest regarding emotions such as sadness?
What does reductivism suggest regarding emotions such as sadness?
Which method allows for the systematic study of how behavior is influenced by reward and punishment?
Which method allows for the systematic study of how behavior is influenced by reward and punishment?
What is the deadline for weekly quiz submissions?
What is the deadline for weekly quiz submissions?
What is the grace period for quiz submissions?
What is the grace period for quiz submissions?
What key component is reserved for full credit (5pts) in the reflection question?
What key component is reserved for full credit (5pts) in the reflection question?
Which of the following should NOT be included in the scientific explanations according to behaviorism?
Which of the following should NOT be included in the scientific explanations according to behaviorism?
Which aspect about the reflection question grading can be inferred?
Which aspect about the reflection question grading can be inferred?
What is the primary component excluded from scientific explanations according to behaviorism?
What is the primary component excluded from scientific explanations according to behaviorism?
What is the submission method for weekly quizzes?
What is the submission method for weekly quizzes?
Which principle is emphasized by the expectations for a reflection question response to achieve full credit?
Which principle is emphasized by the expectations for a reflection question response to achieve full credit?
What is the latest deadline to submit quizzes if utilizing the grace period?
What is the latest deadline to submit quizzes if utilizing the grace period?
In behaviorism, what type of factors are focused on while internal states are largely ignored?
In behaviorism, what type of factors are focused on while internal states are largely ignored?
What does operant conditioning primarily focus on?
What does operant conditioning primarily focus on?
Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect?
Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect?
In classical conditioning, what role does a neutral stimulus play before conditioning occurs?
In classical conditioning, what role does a neutral stimulus play before conditioning occurs?
Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of reductivism regarding emotions?
Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of reductivism regarding emotions?
Which principle is illustrated by the use of a Skinner Box in operant conditioning experiments?
Which principle is illustrated by the use of a Skinner Box in operant conditioning experiments?
What aspect of the reflection question is essential for scoring a full 5 points?
What aspect of the reflection question is essential for scoring a full 5 points?
Which of the following elements is excluded from scientific explanations in behaviorism?
Which of the following elements is excluded from scientific explanations in behaviorism?
What is one of the primary focuses of the behaviorist approach?
What is one of the primary focuses of the behaviorist approach?
What is the latest possible time to submit quizzes during the grace period?
What is the latest possible time to submit quizzes during the grace period?
Which statement reflects a key principle of behaviorism?
Which statement reflects a key principle of behaviorism?
What distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?
What distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?
Which statement best describes the concept of habituation?
Which statement best describes the concept of habituation?
In the context of behaviorism, which term best describes the idea that emotions are merely a manifestation of behavior?
In the context of behaviorism, which term best describes the idea that emotions are merely a manifestation of behavior?
How does the Skinner Box facilitate the study of behavior according to operant conditioning?
How does the Skinner Box facilitate the study of behavior according to operant conditioning?
What principle is highlighted by the Law of Effect in operant conditioning?
What principle is highlighted by the Law of Effect in operant conditioning?
What does behaviorism primarily focus on when studying organisms?
What does behaviorism primarily focus on when studying organisms?
Which element is crucial for identifying the stimulus in a behavioral response?
Which element is crucial for identifying the stimulus in a behavioral response?
How do background mental states complicate stimulus-response relationships in behaviorism?
How do background mental states complicate stimulus-response relationships in behaviorism?
In the context of behaviorism, what role does a stimulus play?
In the context of behaviorism, what role does a stimulus play?
What can often hinder the accurate understanding of behavior in behaviorism?
What can often hinder the accurate understanding of behavior in behaviorism?
Which of the following statements aligns with the principles of behaviorism regarding mental states?
Which of the following statements aligns with the principles of behaviorism regarding mental states?
What does identifying a response entail in a behaviorist framework?
What does identifying a response entail in a behaviorist framework?
What is a potential drawback of focusing solely on observable behavior in behaviorism?
What is a potential drawback of focusing solely on observable behavior in behaviorism?
What characterizes latent learning according to Tolman and Honzik?
What characterizes latent learning according to Tolman and Honzik?
What do cognitive maps allow rats to represent?
What do cognitive maps allow rats to represent?
What type of learning did Tolman and his colleagues conclude rats use to navigate mazes?
What type of learning did Tolman and his colleagues conclude rats use to navigate mazes?
What is a limitation associated with understanding latent learning?
What is a limitation associated with understanding latent learning?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stimuli and hidden learning?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stimuli and hidden learning?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'place learning'?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'place learning'?
What do researchers suggest about the concept of 'hidden learning'?
What do researchers suggest about the concept of 'hidden learning'?
Which factor is emphasized when discussing cognitive maps in behavior?
Which factor is emphasized when discussing cognitive maps in behavior?
What are the two central components of behaviorism?
What are the two central components of behaviorism?
Which of the following statements best captures the assumption about mental states in behaviorism?
Which of the following statements best captures the assumption about mental states in behaviorism?
Identifying a stimulus in behaviorism typically requires understanding which of the following?
Identifying a stimulus in behaviorism typically requires understanding which of the following?
What fundamental issue arises when analyzing stimulus-response relationships without considering background mental states?
What fundamental issue arises when analyzing stimulus-response relationships without considering background mental states?
Which of the following aspects of behaviorism focuses on what can be experimentally observed?
Which of the following aspects of behaviorism focuses on what can be experimentally observed?
How do background mental states impact the understanding of behavior in a behaviorist framework?
How do background mental states impact the understanding of behavior in a behaviorist framework?
When assessing a behavioral response, what primary component must be identified first?
When assessing a behavioral response, what primary component must be identified first?
What is a notable limitation of behaviorism regarding emotional understanding?
What is a notable limitation of behaviorism regarding emotional understanding?
What is the main characteristic of latent learning as demonstrated by Tolman and Honzik's research?
What is the main characteristic of latent learning as demonstrated by Tolman and Honzik's research?
What type of learning did Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish conclude rats predominantly use?
What type of learning did Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish conclude rats predominantly use?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive maps' as identified in the study of latent learning?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive maps' as identified in the study of latent learning?
What limitation is associated with the theory of latent learning?
What limitation is associated with the theory of latent learning?
What does the concept of 'place learning' emphasize compared to 'response learning'?
What does the concept of 'place learning' emphasize compared to 'response learning'?
What is a key factor that complicates behavioral responses in the context of behaviorism?
What is a key factor that complicates behavioral responses in the context of behaviorism?
What information do rats store while engaging in place learning in a maze?
What information do rats store while engaging in place learning in a maze?
Why do behaviorists find it difficult to explain certain responses only in terms of stimuli?
Why do behaviorists find it difficult to explain certain responses only in terms of stimuli?
What is the significance of rules in the context of combining symbols into structures?
What is the significance of rules in the context of combining symbols into structures?
In the framework of problem solving, what does the search space represent?
In the framework of problem solving, what does the search space represent?
Which statement accurately defines a physical symbol system in relation to intelligence?
Which statement accurately defines a physical symbol system in relation to intelligence?
What does the concept of means-end analysis involve in the context of problem solving?
What does the concept of means-end analysis involve in the context of problem solving?
What best describes the computational theory of mind?
What best describes the computational theory of mind?
What is involved in the computational theory of mind?
What is involved in the computational theory of mind?
What is the primary function of a Turing machine in the context provided?
What is the primary function of a Turing machine in the context provided?
In the context of the Machine Table for adding 1, what occurs when the machine starts in state A with a cell reading 0?
In the context of the Machine Table for adding 1, what occurs when the machine starts in state A with a cell reading 0?
What does the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis state?
What does the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis state?
If a Turing machine is in state B and reads a 1, what is the machine's next action?
If a Turing machine is in state B and reads a 1, what is the machine's next action?
What is the outcome if the Turing machine reads a blank space in state A?
What is the outcome if the Turing machine reads a blank space in state A?
What aspect of mental processes is represented in the physical symbol system?
What aspect of mental processes is represented in the physical symbol system?
What does the notation '0, R, A' indicate in the machine table for the Turing machine?
What does the notation '0, R, A' indicate in the machine table for the Turing machine?
What defines the semantic properties of a representation?
What defines the semantic properties of a representation?
What is the significance of causal interactions between physical structures in the context of causation through content?
What is the significance of causal interactions between physical structures in the context of causation through content?
What defines a physical symbol system?
What defines a physical symbol system?
What are the two main components of a propositional attitude?
What are the two main components of a propositional attitude?
How do syntactic rules relate to semantic relations according to the Language of Thought hypothesis?
How do syntactic rules relate to semantic relations according to the Language of Thought hypothesis?
Which of the following best describes the syntactic level in the language of thought?
Which of the following best describes the syntactic level in the language of thought?
What does Eliminative Materialism suggest regarding propositional attitudes?
What does Eliminative Materialism suggest regarding propositional attitudes?
How do propositional attitudes influence behavior, according to the language of thought hypothesis?
How do propositional attitudes influence behavior, according to the language of thought hypothesis?
What is a key assertion made by Fodor's argument for the Language of Thought hypothesis?
What is a key assertion made by Fodor's argument for the Language of Thought hypothesis?
Which statement captures the relationship between syntactic structures and behavior?
Which statement captures the relationship between syntactic structures and behavior?
Which of the following best describes propositional content?
Which of the following best describes propositional content?
What does the concept of intentional realism state regarding propositional attitudes?
What does the concept of intentional realism state regarding propositional attitudes?
What is implied by the assertion that behavior is caused by what is represented?
What is implied by the assertion that behavior is caused by what is represented?
Which aspect distinguishes semantic properties from syntactic properties?
Which aspect distinguishes semantic properties from syntactic properties?
Which criticism is associated with propositional attitude psychology?
Which criticism is associated with propositional attitude psychology?
Why are propositional attitudes significant in predicting behavior?
Why are propositional attitudes significant in predicting behavior?
What is the key distinction made by Searle regarding understanding language?
What is the key distinction made by Searle regarding understanding language?
In the Russian room argument, what is claimed about the internal processing occurring?
In the Russian room argument, what is claimed about the internal processing occurring?
How does the Russian room argument challenge the Turing test?
How does the Russian room argument challenge the Turing test?
What does Searle believe is involved in having mental states?
What does Searle believe is involved in having mental states?
What does Searle imply about purely behavioral terms in understanding?
What does Searle imply about purely behavioral terms in understanding?
What does the concept of 'multiple realizability' imply about mental states?
What does the concept of 'multiple realizability' imply about mental states?
How does syntax differ from semantics in terms of symbol interpretation?
How does syntax differ from semantics in terms of symbol interpretation?
What is a limitation of defining a machine's operation solely through a complete machine table?
What is a limitation of defining a machine's operation solely through a complete machine table?
What is the main argument presented by the Chinese Room thought experiment?
What is the main argument presented by the Chinese Room thought experiment?
Why is the notion of 'physical symbol structures' significant to the discussion of syntax?
Why is the notion of 'physical symbol structures' significant to the discussion of syntax?
What does the term 'formal rules' signify in the context of syntax?
What does the term 'formal rules' signify in the context of syntax?
Which of the following statements reflects a key distinction between syntax and semantics?
Which of the following statements reflects a key distinction between syntax and semantics?
What assumption underlies the argument for believing in the Multiple Realizability Thesis?
What assumption underlies the argument for believing in the Multiple Realizability Thesis?
What is the primary argument of the Russian room scenario against strong AI?
What is the primary argument of the Russian room scenario against strong AI?
Which strategy suggests that the Russian room could lead to a system that truly understands Russian?
Which strategy suggests that the Russian room could lead to a system that truly understands Russian?
What does the 'systems reply' suggest about understanding in the context of AI?
What does the 'systems reply' suggest about understanding in the context of AI?
What is a major disadvantage of the concept of multiple realizability?
What is a major disadvantage of the concept of multiple realizability?
How does the robot reply challenge traditional tests of understanding?
How does the robot reply challenge traditional tests of understanding?
What distinguishes original intentionality from derived intentionality according to the content?
What distinguishes original intentionality from derived intentionality according to the content?
What criterion for understanding is preferred over the input-output test?
What criterion for understanding is preferred over the input-output test?
What aspect of understanding does the Russian room argument particularly highlight?
What aspect of understanding does the Russian room argument particularly highlight?
What does the concept of object permanence refer to in child development?
What does the concept of object permanence refer to in child development?
What phenomenon characterizes the A not B error in infants?
What phenomenon characterizes the A not B error in infants?
According to cognitive explanations for the A not B error, what is one reason for infants' behavior?
According to cognitive explanations for the A not B error, what is one reason for infants' behavior?
What does Thelen and Smith’s Dynamical Field Model emphasize regarding infants' reaching behavior?
What does Thelen and Smith’s Dynamical Field Model emphasize regarding infants' reaching behavior?
Which aspect is NOT considered by Thelen and Smith’s model in explaining infant behavior?
Which aspect is NOT considered by Thelen and Smith’s model in explaining infant behavior?
What is essential for planning movement in infants learning to walk?
What is essential for planning movement in infants learning to walk?
Which statement best describes the dynamical systems approach to learning to walk?
Which statement best describes the dynamical systems approach to learning to walk?
What occurs during the U-shaped developmental trajectory in infants regarding walking?
What occurs during the U-shaped developmental trajectory in infants regarding walking?
How do changes in environmental factors influence infants' ability to step?
How do changes in environmental factors influence infants' ability to step?
What role does proprioceptive feedback play in executing movement in infants learning to walk?
What role does proprioceptive feedback play in executing movement in infants learning to walk?
What is a key factor that differentiates walking from planned activities according to the content?
What is a key factor that differentiates walking from planned activities according to the content?
What happens to reflexive actions as infants learn voluntary movement?
What happens to reflexive actions as infants learn voluntary movement?
Which of the following is most directly involved in calculating the trajectory required for walking?
Which of the following is most directly involved in calculating the trajectory required for walking?
How does the Dynamical Systems Hypothesis differ from traditional cognitive science?
How does the Dynamical Systems Hypothesis differ from traditional cognitive science?
What is a key component of a dynamical system?
What is a key component of a dynamical system?
What does the state space of a dynamical system represent?
What does the state space of a dynamical system represent?
Which mathematical tools are commonly used in dynamical modeling?
Which mathematical tools are commonly used in dynamical modeling?
Which cognitive skills can be modeled using dynamical systems theory?
Which cognitive skills can be modeled using dynamical systems theory?
What does the trajectory of a system through state space indicate?
What does the trajectory of a system through state space indicate?
Why is it significant to find cognitive systems that can be better modeled by dynamical systems than traditional computational accounts?
Why is it significant to find cognitive systems that can be better modeled by dynamical systems than traditional computational accounts?
What might characterize a dynamical system in relation to its environment?
What might characterize a dynamical system in relation to its environment?
What distinguishes connectionist networks from physical symbol systems?
What distinguishes connectionist networks from physical symbol systems?
In a neural network, where is the network's knowledge predominantly stored?
In a neural network, where is the network's knowledge predominantly stored?
Which statement best describes the representations in neural networks?
Which statement best describes the representations in neural networks?
What is a key characteristic of physical symbol systems?
What is a key characteristic of physical symbol systems?
How do connectionist models process tasks differently from physical symbol systems?
How do connectionist models process tasks differently from physical symbol systems?
What does it mean for a neural network to have superpositional storage?
What does it mean for a neural network to have superpositional storage?
Which statement captures the essence of the physical symbol system hypothesis?
Which statement captures the essence of the physical symbol system hypothesis?
Why is it challenging to think about a neural network's knowledge as composed of discrete items?
Why is it challenging to think about a neural network's knowledge as composed of discrete items?
What is the main characteristic of representations in a neural network?
What is the main characteristic of representations in a neural network?
Which statement correctly contrasts connectionist networks with physical symbol systems?
Which statement correctly contrasts connectionist networks with physical symbol systems?
What makes it difficult to conceptualize knowledge in a neural network as discrete items?
What makes it difficult to conceptualize knowledge in a neural network as discrete items?
Which of the following is a feature of physical symbol systems?
Which of the following is a feature of physical symbol systems?
What is a primary feature of connectionism in comparison to symbolic systems?
What is a primary feature of connectionism in comparison to symbolic systems?
How is knowledge processed in an artificial neural network?
How is knowledge processed in an artificial neural network?
What limitation does a connectionist approach face compared to physical symbol systems?
What limitation does a connectionist approach face compared to physical symbol systems?
What does the term 'superpositional storage' refer to in neural networks?
What does the term 'superpositional storage' refer to in neural networks?
What role does unconscious inference play in Helmholtz's model of perception?
What role does unconscious inference play in Helmholtz's model of perception?
Which method involves the use of estimations of likelihoods and priors in Bayesianism?
Which method involves the use of estimations of likelihoods and priors in Bayesianism?
How does Bayesianism relate to the Gestalt principles of grouping?
How does Bayesianism relate to the Gestalt principles of grouping?
What is a primary outcome of applying Bayesian inferential rules in perception?
What is a primary outcome of applying Bayesian inferential rules in perception?
Which aspect of perception is significantly influenced by the Bayesian model?
Which aspect of perception is significantly influenced by the Bayesian model?
What is the significance of a three-layered network in artificial neural networks?
What is the significance of a three-layered network in artificial neural networks?
What does the arity of a Boolean function indicate?
What does the arity of a Boolean function indicate?
In the context of single-unit networks, how is output determined?
In the context of single-unit networks, how is output determined?
Which of the following best defines Boolean functions?
Which of the following best defines Boolean functions?
What do single-unit networks specifically model in terms of logic?
What do single-unit networks specifically model in terms of logic?
Which activation function is appropriate for a single-unit network representing Boolean functions?
Which activation function is appropriate for a single-unit network representing Boolean functions?
Why are artificial neural networks (ANNs) considered powerful computational models?
Why are artificial neural networks (ANNs) considered powerful computational models?
What is a limitation when working with artificial neural networks in problem-solving?
What is a limitation when working with artificial neural networks in problem-solving?
What is the basic principle of Hebbian learning?
What is the basic principle of Hebbian learning?
How does the perceptron convergence rule differ from Hebbian learning?
How does the perceptron convergence rule differ from Hebbian learning?
What is required for multilayer networks to compute Turing-computable functions?
What is required for multilayer networks to compute Turing-computable functions?
What mechanism does backpropagation use to adjust weights in a neural network?
What mechanism does backpropagation use to adjust weights in a neural network?
What does the delta rule (perceptron convergence rule) mainly focus on during training?
What does the delta rule (perceptron convergence rule) mainly focus on during training?
What is one advantage of using Hebbian learning in neural networks?
What is one advantage of using Hebbian learning in neural networks?
How does the backpropagation algorithm determine the 'responsibility' of hidden units for output errors?
How does the backpropagation algorithm determine the 'responsibility' of hidden units for output errors?
What role does the learning rate constant ($,\epsilon$) play in the delta rule?
What role does the learning rate constant ($,\epsilon$) play in the delta rule?
What is the primary function of the mindreading mechanism as presented?
What is the primary function of the mindreading mechanism as presented?
Which of the following best describes the term 'meta-representation'?
Which of the following best describes the term 'meta-representation'?
At what age does the 'Theory of Mind Mechanism' (TOMM) typically emerge according to development milestones?
At what age does the 'Theory of Mind Mechanism' (TOMM) typically emerge according to development milestones?
Which concept distinguishes between implicit and explicit understanding of beliefs?
Which concept distinguishes between implicit and explicit understanding of beliefs?
What do the three basic mental states identified in the commonsense explanations include?
What do the three basic mental states identified in the commonsense explanations include?
The ability to have beliefs about beliefs is referred to as what?
The ability to have beliefs about beliefs is referred to as what?
Which method is often utilized to assess whether infants understand false beliefs?
Which method is often utilized to assess whether infants understand false beliefs?
Which detection systems are believed to develop before the age of 9 months?
Which detection systems are believed to develop before the age of 9 months?
What is the main concept behind standard simulation in understanding other people's mental states?
What is the main concept behind standard simulation in understanding other people's mental states?
In radical simulation, what is the primary focus when understanding another person's behavior?
In radical simulation, what is the primary focus when understanding another person's behavior?
What distinguishes radical simulation from standard simulation according to Goldman?
What distinguishes radical simulation from standard simulation according to Goldman?
What role does the simulator play in the radical simulation approach?
What role does the simulator play in the radical simulation approach?
How does simulation theory differ in its approach to understanding mental states compared to theory-theory?
How does simulation theory differ in its approach to understanding mental states compared to theory-theory?
What ability is crucial for passing the false belief task?
What ability is crucial for passing the false belief task?
What is the primary function of metarepresentation?
What is the primary function of metarepresentation?
How does simulationism explain the understanding of other people's mental states?
How does simulationism explain the understanding of other people's mental states?
What is a key difference between Leslie's and Perner's theories regarding mindreading?
What is a key difference between Leslie's and Perner's theories regarding mindreading?
What is required for metarepresentation in relation to beliefs?
What is required for metarepresentation in relation to beliefs?
Which statement best captures the idea of the Theory of Mind Module?
Which statement best captures the idea of the Theory of Mind Module?
What do simulation theorists reject in their understanding of mindreading?
What do simulation theorists reject in their understanding of mindreading?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between mindreading and metaphorical play?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between mindreading and metaphorical play?
Which concept emphasizes understanding another person's mental state through imagining oneself in their situation?
Which concept emphasizes understanding another person's mental state through imagining oneself in their situation?
What is the primary difference between Standard Simulation and Radical Simulation?
What is the primary difference between Standard Simulation and Radical Simulation?
Which aspect of Radical Simulation distinguishes it from other theories of mindreading?
Which aspect of Radical Simulation distinguishes it from other theories of mindreading?
What does the term 'mindreading without metarepresentation' imply in the context of Radical Simulation?
What does the term 'mindreading without metarepresentation' imply in the context of Radical Simulation?
Which psychological theory focuses on how simulators infer another's mental states by performing thought experiments?
Which psychological theory focuses on how simulators infer another's mental states by performing thought experiments?
What is required for children to pass the false belief task?
What is required for children to pass the false belief task?
What does metarepresentation involve?
What does metarepresentation involve?
According to simulation theorists, mindreading is achieved through which process?
According to simulation theorists, mindreading is achieved through which process?
What key aspect distinguishes Leslie's Selection Processor Hypothesis from Perner's model?
What key aspect distinguishes Leslie's Selection Processor Hypothesis from Perner's model?
What primary function does the Theory of Mind Module serve?
What primary function does the Theory of Mind Module serve?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of metarepresentation?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of metarepresentation?
What major difference exists between the Theory of Mind Module and Simulationism?
What major difference exists between the Theory of Mind Module and Simulationism?
How does simulation theorists' view on mindreading differ from that of the Theory of Mind Module?
How does simulation theorists' view on mindreading differ from that of the Theory of Mind Module?
What is meant by 'informational encapsulation' in modularity?
What is meant by 'informational encapsulation' in modularity?
Which characteristic describes how modules respond to stimuli?
Which characteristic describes how modules respond to stimuli?
What does the 'Massive Modularity Hypothesis' propose?
What does the 'Massive Modularity Hypothesis' propose?
Which is a key feature of 'domain specificity' in modules?
Which is a key feature of 'domain specificity' in modules?
How do modules exhibit 'fixed neural architecture'?
How do modules exhibit 'fixed neural architecture'?
What does 'central inaccessibility' refer to in the context of modules?
What does 'central inaccessibility' refer to in the context of modules?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'innate' in relation to modules?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'innate' in relation to modules?
What role do 'specific breakdown patterns' play in understanding modules?
What role do 'specific breakdown patterns' play in understanding modules?
Flashcards
Behaviorism's Focus
Behaviorism's Focus
Behaviorism focuses scientific explanations on the relationship between stimulus, response, and the environment, excluding internal mental states like thoughts, feelings, and desires.
Behaviorism Key Concepts
Behaviorism Key Concepts
Behaviorism's core concepts involve understanding actions (responses) based on stimuli and environmental factors.
Excluded Mental States
Excluded Mental States
Behaviorism excludes internal mental processes like thoughts, memories, feelings, intentions, and desires from explanations.
Focus of Behaviorism
Focus of Behaviorism
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Behaviorism's Scientific Explanation
Behaviorism's Scientific Explanation
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Learning
Learning
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Law of Effect
Law of Effect
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Skinner Box
Skinner Box
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What is behaviorism's focus?
What is behaviorism's focus?
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What does behaviorism ignore?
What does behaviorism ignore?
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Stimulus
Stimulus
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Response
Response
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Environment
Environment
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What is learning?
What is learning?
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Habituation
Habituation
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Sensitization
Sensitization
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Latent Learning
Latent Learning
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Place Learning
Place Learning
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Response Learning
Response Learning
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Cognitive Maps
Cognitive Maps
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Tolman and Honzik (1930)
Tolman and Honzik (1930)
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Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish (1946)
Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish (1946)
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Stimulus-Response Association
Stimulus-Response Association
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Introspection's Limitations
Introspection's Limitations
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What is the challenge of identifying stimuli and responses?
What is the challenge of identifying stimuli and responses?
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What is the problem with assuming 'mental states' in behaviorism?
What is the problem with assuming 'mental states' in behaviorism?
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What is the 'law of effect'?
What is the 'law of effect'?
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Why is behaviorism important?
Why is behaviorism important?
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What is the problem with identifying stimuli and responses?
What is the problem with identifying stimuli and responses?
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What are symbols in Cognitive Science?
What are symbols in Cognitive Science?
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What are processes in Cognitive Science?
What are processes in Cognitive Science?
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What is the search space in problem solving?
What is the search space in problem solving?
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What is means-end analysis?
What is means-end analysis?
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How can processes be represented?
How can processes be represented?
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Computation
Computation
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Turing Machine
Turing Machine
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Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
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What does 'compute' mean?
What does 'compute' mean?
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What is a physical symbol system?
What is a physical symbol system?
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How can a physical symbol system be intelligent?
How can a physical symbol system be intelligent?
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What is the significance of the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?
What is the significance of the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis?
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Can intelligence exist in a physical symbol system?
Can intelligence exist in a physical symbol system?
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Causation by Content
Causation by Content
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Syntactic Level
Syntactic Level
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Semantic Level
Semantic Level
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Language of Thought (LOT)
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LOT: Symbols
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LOT: Transformations
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LOT: Behavior
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LOT: Key Claim
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Physical Symbol System
Physical Symbol System
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Language of Thought Hypothesis
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Propositional Attitude
Propositional Attitude
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What is the propositional content of a thought?
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What is the attitudinal component of a thought?
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Eliminative Materialism
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Intentional Realism
Intentional Realism
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How do mental states cause behavior?
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Syntax
Syntax
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Semantics
Semantics
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Multiple Realizability
Multiple Realizability
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Chinese Room Argument
Chinese Room Argument
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Turing Test
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Syntax vs. Semantics
Syntax vs. Semantics
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The Chinese Room Argument
The Chinese Room Argument
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What is genuine understanding?
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Turing Test and Understanding
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The Importance of Interpretation
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Strong AI
Strong AI
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Systems Reply to Chinese Room Argument
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Robot Reply to Chinese Room Argument
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Derived Intentionality
Derived Intentionality
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Original Intentionality
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Input-Output Test
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Walking: Planned or Emergent?
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Coupled System
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Baby's Stepping Development
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Conventional Explanation vs. DST
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Stepping in Water
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Dynamical Systems Theory (DST) for Walking
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Variables in DST Walking Model
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DST: Environment's Role
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Object Permanence
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The A-not-B Error
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Baillargeon's Drawbridge Experiment
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Thelen and Smith's Dynamical Systems Theory (DST)
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DST vs. Representational Capacity
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Dynamical Systems Hypothesis
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What is a dynamical system?
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State Space
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Dynamical Model
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Cognitively Irrelevant Variables
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A Not B Error
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Walking Development: DST vs. Conventional Explanation
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How does DST explain walking?
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ANN
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Connectionism vs. PSSH
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Distributed Representations
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Activation Function
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Superpositional Storage
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Connectionist Networks vs. Physical Symbol Systems
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What are the representations in a neural network?
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Why are distributed representations powerful?
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Connectionism
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Physical Symbol System Hypothesis (PSSH)
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How do ANNs learn?
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What is the difference between ANNs and PSSH?
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Unconscious Inference
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Bayesian Inference
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Proximal Stimulus
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Distal Environment
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Gestalt Grouping
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Unsupervised Learning
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Hebbian Learning
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Perceptron Convergence Rule (Delta Rule)
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Backpropagation
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Multilayer Networks
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Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
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ANN's Power
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Training ANNs
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Single-Unit Networks
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Boolean Functions
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Truth Tables
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Single-Unit Network: Representation
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Learning in ANNs
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Symbolic Systems vs. ANNs
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Mindreading
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Theory of Mind
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Pretense
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Meta-representation
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False Belief Task
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The Mind Reading System
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Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM)
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The Empathy System (TESS)
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Simulation Theory
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Standard Simulation
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Radical Simulation
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Mindreading without Metarepresentation?
Mindreading without Metarepresentation?
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Radical Simulation: No Mental State Representation
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Theory of Mind Module
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Theory of Mind vs. Simulation
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Decoupling
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Pretend Play
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Passing the False Belief Task
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Theory-theory
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Decision-Making Systems
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Modular Analysis
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Domain Specificity
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Informational Encapsulation
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Mandatory Application
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Central Processing
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Massive Modularity Hypothesis
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Darwinian Modules
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Study Notes
Weekly Quizzes
- Quizzes start this week.
- Due date: Friday, 11:59 pm.
- Submission method: eclass.
- Grace period: Submission link remains open until Monday, 11:59 pm.
- No extensions are available.
- Permission is not required to submit during the grace period.
Quizzes - Reflection Question
- Write one or two paragraphs describing and engaging with key points from lectures, readings, and discussions.
- No right or wrong answer, but better and worse answers exist.
- Possible reflection prompts:
- Key points from lectures, readings, or discussions to remember.
- Points or questions needing further exploration from lectures, readings, or discussions.
- Comments or questions that were desired to be made.
- Any changes in perspective after the week's material.
- Responses are graded out of 5 points on clarity, conciseness, and compellingness.
- Substance and active engagement are essential for a full 5-point score.
Behaviorism
- A prehistory of Cognitive Science.
- Emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental states.
- Primarily focuses on the relationship of stimulus and response.
- Scientific theories of the mind should be based on observable stimulus-response relationships.
- Focuses on observable stimuli and responses and their relations; ignores internal cognitive states.
Early 20th Century Behaviorism
- Rejection of internal states like thoughts and feelings.
- Key figures: John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
- Behaviorism rejected the study of internal mental states in cognitive science, instead relying on observable stimuli and responses.
- Argued that internal states were unnecessary for scientific explanation of behavior.
Behaviorism - Scientific Explanations
- In (input): Stimulus, Response, Environment.
- Out (output): Thoughts, Memories, Feelings, Intentions, Desires, etc. (excluded from scientific explanations).
- Scientific explanations focus on relationships between stimulus and response.
- Changes in that relationship depend on additional stimuli (conditioning or reinforcement).
- Behaviorism provides a framework that limits consideration to observable factors in scientific explanations; internal mental states are not considered.
Behaviorism and Learning
- Experience results in permanent changes in learners.
- Simple learning: Habituation and Sensitization.
- Complex learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
- Associated learning that strengthens the association between a neutral and unconditioned stimulus.
- Key figure: Ivan Pavlov.
- Classical conditioning involves associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to cause a conditioned response.
- Learning through association between stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
- Thorndike Box: Animals associate behaviors with consequences; repetition of behavior is a function of learned consequences (the Law of Effect).
- Law of Effect: Animals repeat rewarded behaviors and avoid punished behaviors.
- Skinner Box: Used for better studying how reinforcement and punishment effects behavior.
- Association between behavior and reinforcement is essential.
- Operant responses: responses that produce effects.
- Reinforcement (+): a stimulus change after a response that increases subsequent response frequency (e.g., reward).
- Punishment (-): a stimulus change after a response that decreases subsequent response frequency (e.g., penalty).
- Operant Conditioning: a learning process where the effects of a response affect future response rates.
- Law of Effect: Animals will repeat rewarded behaviors and avoid punished behaviors.
- Extinction: Reduced response when the operant response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
- Discriminative Stimulus: a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer.
- Stimulus Generalization: Increased production of the operant response to stimuli resembling the discriminative stimulus.
- Stimulus Discrimination: Training that decreases generalization by only reinforcing the response to one and not another.
- Shaping: Reinforcing successively closer approximations of a desired response (until it's performed).
Feeling Sad
- Determining if someone feels sad is based on observable behaviors.
- "Sadness" is reduced to observable behavior, lacking emotional nuance.
- Eliminativist view: Sadness is entirely behavioral; no internal state of sadness exists.
- Behaviorism's approach to understanding sadness restricts analysis to observable actions; the internal state of sadness is not considered. Note: This view is contested by other schools of thought in psychology (such as intentional realism).
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Description
Engage deeply with key points from lectures and readings on behaviorism. This quiz invites you to reflect on your learning, exploring critical concepts that were discussed and identifying areas for further inquiry. Your responses will be evaluated on clarity and engagement.
