Weekly Reflection on Behaviorism

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Questions and Answers

What type of learning is indicated by the strengthening of the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?

Operant Conditioning

Sensitization

Habituation

Classical Conditioning (correct)

Which principle states that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to be repeated while those followed by punishment are likely to be avoided?

Law of Effect (correct)

Principle of Reinforcement

Law of Association

Theory of Behaviorism

What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

Reward and punishment effects on behavior (correct)

Simple learning processes

Association between stimuli

Habituation responses

What does reductivism suggest regarding emotions such as sadness?

Sadness is equivalent to observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows for the systematic study of how behavior is influenced by reward and punishment?

Skinner Box Signup and view all the answers

What is the deadline for weekly quiz submissions?

Friday at 11:59 pm Signup and view all the answers

What is the grace period for quiz submissions?

Submissions accepted until Monday at 11:59 pm Signup and view all the answers

What key component is reserved for full credit (5pts) in the reflection question?

Active, independent, critical engagement with key points Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should NOT be included in the scientific explanations according to behaviorism?

Thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect about the reflection question grading can be inferred?

Clarity and conciseness are important Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component excluded from scientific explanations according to behaviorism?

Thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the submission method for weekly quizzes?

Submit on eclass Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is emphasized by the expectations for a reflection question response to achieve full credit?

Independent and critical engagement is key Signup and view all the answers

What is the latest deadline to submit quizzes if utilizing the grace period?

Monday at 11:59 pm Signup and view all the answers

In behaviorism, what type of factors are focused on while internal states are largely ignored?

Stimuli and responses Signup and view all the answers

What does operant conditioning primarily focus on?

The effects of rewards and punishments on behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Law of Effect?

Consequences of behavior determine future actions Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what role does a neutral stimulus play before conditioning occurs?

It has no effect on the subject Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of reductivism regarding emotions?

Sadness can be fully understood through observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is illustrated by the use of a Skinner Box in operant conditioning experiments?

The reinforcement of behavior through systematic rewards Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the reflection question is essential for scoring a full 5 points?

Active, independent engagement with key points Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is excluded from scientific explanations in behaviorism?

Cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary focuses of the behaviorist approach?

Stimulus-response relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the latest possible time to submit quizzes during the grace period?

Monday at 11:59 pm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a key principle of behaviorism?

Stimuli can lead to predictable responses. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning involves reinforcement through rewards or punishments. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of habituation?

It is a process where an organism becomes accustomed to a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behaviorism, which term best describes the idea that emotions are merely a manifestation of behavior?

Eliminativism Signup and view all the answers

How does the Skinner Box facilitate the study of behavior according to operant conditioning?

It enables the examination of the relationship between behavior and consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is highlighted by the Law of Effect in operant conditioning?

Behaviors are repeated when they are followed by positive outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What does behaviorism primarily focus on when studying organisms?

Experimental observation and responses Signup and view all the answers

Which element is crucial for identifying the stimulus in a behavioral response?

The observable reaction to the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

How do background mental states complicate stimulus-response relationships in behaviorism?

They necessitate assumptions about unobservable factors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behaviorism, what role does a stimulus play?

It triggers a predictable physical response. Signup and view all the answers

What can often hinder the accurate understanding of behavior in behaviorism?

Interpretations based on mental states Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the principles of behaviorism regarding mental states?

Only observable behaviors should be considered. Signup and view all the answers

What does identifying a response entail in a behaviorist framework?

Understanding the stimulus that created it. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of focusing solely on observable behavior in behaviorism?

Reduction of complex behaviors to simple reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes latent learning according to Tolman and Honzik?

Learning that is independent of reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive maps allow rats to represent?

The spatial layout of their environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning did Tolman and his colleagues conclude rats use to navigate mazes?

Place learning Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation associated with understanding latent learning?

It cannot explain unobservable mental states Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between stimuli and hidden learning?

Interactions between stimuli and mental states are crucial to understanding behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concept of 'place learning'?

Learning that involves mapping the environment's structure Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers suggest about the concept of 'hidden learning'?

It requires consideration of unobservable cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is emphasized when discussing cognitive maps in behavior?

The importance of cognitive processes in navigation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two central components of behaviorism?

Stimulus and response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures the assumption about mental states in behaviorism?

Behavior can be fully understood without reference to mental states. Signup and view all the answers

Identifying a stimulus in behaviorism typically requires understanding which of the following?

External environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental issue arises when analyzing stimulus-response relationships without considering background mental states?

Difficulty in predicting or describing responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects of behaviorism focuses on what can be experimentally observed?

Stimulus-response relationship Signup and view all the answers

How do background mental states impact the understanding of behavior in a behaviorist framework?

They complicate the direct relationship between stimulus and response. Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a behavioral response, what primary component must be identified first?

The specific stimulus that triggered the response Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable limitation of behaviorism regarding emotional understanding?

It primarily focuses on observable behaviors and neglects emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of latent learning as demonstrated by Tolman and Honzik's research?

Learning takes place without any reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning did Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish conclude rats predominantly use?

Place learning represented through cognitive maps. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive maps' as identified in the study of latent learning?

Mental representations of spatial layouts. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with the theory of latent learning?

It lacks empirical testability. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'place learning' emphasize compared to 'response learning'?

It prioritizes understanding of spatial relationships over movement patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that complicates behavioral responses in the context of behaviorism?

The existence of unobservable internal mental states. Signup and view all the answers

What information do rats store while engaging in place learning in a maze?

A mental map of the maze’s spatial layout. Signup and view all the answers

Why do behaviorists find it difficult to explain certain responses only in terms of stimuli?

Responses are influenced by internal mental states that are not directly observable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of rules in the context of combining symbols into structures?

Rules govern how symbols can be combined and are recursive. Signup and view all the answers

In the framework of problem solving, what does the search space represent?

All possible states that can result from symbol transformations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines a physical symbol system in relation to intelligence?

It is necessary and sufficient for problem solving. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of means-end analysis involve in the context of problem solving?

Analyzing the means by which one can reach a desired solution state. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the computational theory of mind?

Mental processes involve computation in representing and manipulating information. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the computational theory of mind?

Representing problems and following rules to derive solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Turing machine in the context provided?

To represent and manipulate symbols according to defined rules Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Machine Table for adding 1, what occurs when the machine starts in state A with a cell reading 0?

The machine writes a 1, moves Right, and remains in state A. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis state?

General intelligent action requires a physical symbol system. Signup and view all the answers

If a Turing machine is in state B and reads a 1, what is the machine's next action?

Move Left and halt the operation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if the Turing machine reads a blank space in state A?

It moves Left and transitions to state B. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of mental processes is represented in the physical symbol system?

Cognitive computations and rule-based representations Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation '0, R, A' indicate in the machine table for the Turing machine?

Write 0, move Right, and stay in state A. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the semantic properties of a representation?

The meaning and content of the representation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of causal interactions between physical structures in the context of causation through content?

They determine sentence structures in the language of thought. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a physical symbol system?

It combines symbols to facilitate general intelligent action. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of a propositional attitude?

Propositional content and an attitudinal component Signup and view all the answers

How do syntactic rules relate to semantic relations according to the Language of Thought hypothesis?

They function to mirror the logical connections between propositions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the syntactic level in the language of thought?

It concerns sentences interacting through formal properties. Signup and view all the answers

What does Eliminative Materialism suggest regarding propositional attitudes?

They are flawed and should be replaced by a more mature understanding of neuroscience. Signup and view all the answers

How do propositional attitudes influence behavior, according to the language of thought hypothesis?

By providing a framework for understanding beliefs, desires, and motivations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assertion made by Fodor's argument for the Language of Thought hypothesis?

Causal relations respect logical relations among contents. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement captures the relationship between syntactic structures and behavior?

Syntactic processes directly produce behavioral outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes propositional content?

The information that a person believes to be true Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of intentional realism state regarding propositional attitudes?

They accurately reflect the beliefs and desires driving behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the assertion that behavior is caused by what is represented?

Meaningful content directly drives behavioral responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect distinguishes semantic properties from syntactic properties?

Semantic properties focus on meaning while syntactic properties focus on form. Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism is associated with propositional attitude psychology?

It overlooks the neurobiological processes behind mental states. Signup and view all the answers

Why are propositional attitudes significant in predicting behavior?

They facilitate understanding of individual motivations and decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction made by Searle regarding understanding language?

Understanding language requires attaching meaning to symbols. Signup and view all the answers

In the Russian room argument, what is claimed about the internal processing occurring?

It is purely syntactic and does not entail actual understanding. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Russian room argument challenge the Turing test?

It suggests that behavioral responses do not imply intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What does Searle believe is involved in having mental states?

The requirement of semantic interpretation of formal symbols. Signup and view all the answers

What does Searle imply about purely behavioral terms in understanding?

Understanding should not be completely defined by observable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'multiple realizability' imply about mental states?

Different physical properties can embody the same mental state. Signup and view all the answers

How does syntax differ from semantics in terms of symbol interpretation?

Syntax relates to the arrangement of symbols, while semantics addresses their meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of defining a machine's operation solely through a complete machine table?

It fails to convey the intended meanings or interpretations of the operations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented by the Chinese Room thought experiment?

A machine can simulate understanding without comprehending the meaning. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the notion of 'physical symbol structures' significant to the discussion of syntax?

Their operations depend only on the physical shape rather than any meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'formal rules' signify in the context of syntax?

Rules that dictate the acceptable arrangements and operations of symbols. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a key distinction between syntax and semantics?

Syntax pertains to the arrangement of symbols, but semantics is broader and includes context. Signup and view all the answers

What assumption underlies the argument for believing in the Multiple Realizability Thesis?

Brain plasticity shows that mental states can adapt across various contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary argument of the Russian room scenario against strong AI?

Computers can process symbols but lack genuine understanding. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy suggests that the Russian room could lead to a system that truly understands Russian?

Concede a lack of understanding but illustrate a potential developmental path. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'systems reply' suggest about understanding in the context of AI?

The system as a whole can possess linguistic understanding despite individual limitations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of the concept of multiple realizability?

It can lead to counterintuitive attributions of mental states. Signup and view all the answers

How does the robot reply challenge traditional tests of understanding?

By arguing the input-output test fails to address genuine interaction with the world. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes original intentionality from derived intentionality according to the content?

Original intentionality is inherent to biological brains but not to computers. Signup and view all the answers

What criterion for understanding is preferred over the input-output test?

Appropriate interaction with the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of understanding does the Russian room argument particularly highlight?

The ability to repeat phrases without comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of object permanence refer to in child development?

Infants’ understanding that objects continue to exist when unperceived. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon characterizes the A not B error in infants?

Infants consistently reach for the original hiding place despite witnessing a move. Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive explanations for the A not B error, what is one reason for infants' behavior?

Underdeveloped cognitive and memory abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What does Thelen and Smith’s Dynamical Field Model emphasize regarding infants' reaching behavior?

Variability and sensitivity to changes in the infant's environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT considered by Thelen and Smith’s model in explaining infant behavior?

Emergence of executive control as a cognitive factor. Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for planning movement in infants learning to walk?

Calculating trajectory and muscle movements Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the dynamical systems approach to learning to walk?

It models interactions between key physical variables. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the U-shaped developmental trajectory in infants regarding walking?

Stepping abilities are acquired then lost. Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in environmental factors influence infants' ability to step?

They can induce stepping motions at all developmental stages. Signup and view all the answers

What role does proprioceptive feedback play in executing movement in infants learning to walk?

It helps calculate necessary changes in muscle movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that differentiates walking from planned activities according to the content?

Walking emerges from the interaction of limbs and environment. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to reflexive actions as infants learn voluntary movement?

They become suppressed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most directly involved in calculating the trajectory required for walking?

Vision and proprioceptive input Signup and view all the answers

How does the Dynamical Systems Hypothesis differ from traditional cognitive science?

It conceptualizes cognition as evolving over time without relying on computation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of a dynamical system?

It tracks the relationship between quantities that change over time. Signup and view all the answers

What does the state space of a dynamical system represent?

All possible states the system can occupy in multiple dimensions. Signup and view all the answers

Which mathematical tools are commonly used in dynamical modeling?

Calculus including difference and differential equations. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive skills can be modeled using dynamical systems theory?

Motor skills such as walking and cognitive errors like the A not B error. Signup and view all the answers

What does the trajectory of a system through state space indicate?

The changes in the states over time from specific starting points. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it significant to find cognitive systems that can be better modeled by dynamical systems than traditional computational accounts?

It reveals interactions with cognitively irrelevant variables. Signup and view all the answers

What might characterize a dynamical system in relation to its environment?

An embeddedness within and interaction with its environment. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes connectionist networks from physical symbol systems?

Connectionist networks often contain missing or distributed representations. Signup and view all the answers

In a neural network, where is the network's knowledge predominantly stored?

In a single set of weights after training. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the representations in neural networks?

Representations can be superpositional and distributed throughout the network. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of physical symbol systems?

They require explicit symbols for intelligent action. Signup and view all the answers

How do connectionist models process tasks differently from physical symbol systems?

Connectionist models rely on domain-general activation functions and learning algorithms. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a neural network to have superpositional storage?

Multiple pieces of information share the same set of weights. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement captures the essence of the physical symbol system hypothesis?

It argues that task-specific rules are essential for intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to think about a neural network's knowledge as composed of discrete items?

Knowledge is encoded in a pattern of weights rather than identifiable units. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of representations in a neural network?

The network's knowledge lies in its pattern of weights. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly contrasts connectionist networks with physical symbol systems?

Connectionist networks have distributed representations. Signup and view all the answers

What makes it difficult to conceptualize knowledge in a neural network as discrete items?

All knowledge is encoded in a single set of weights. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of physical symbol systems?

They have task-specific rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of connectionism in comparison to symbolic systems?

Connectionist networks often miss or distribute representations. Signup and view all the answers

How is knowledge processed in an artificial neural network?

Using an input vector and a weight vector. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does a connectionist approach face compared to physical symbol systems?

It may not employ task-specific rules. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'superpositional storage' refer to in neural networks?

Knowledge encoded in a single set of weights. Signup and view all the answers

What role does unconscious inference play in Helmholtz's model of perception?

It informs the construction of a perceptual model. Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves the use of estimations of likelihoods and priors in Bayesianism?

Inferential rules Signup and view all the answers

How does Bayesianism relate to the Gestalt principles of grouping?

It offers a historical origin for perceptual models. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary outcome of applying Bayesian inferential rules in perception?

Enhanced predictions of environmental states. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of perception is significantly influenced by the Bayesian model?

Estimation of uncertainty in the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a three-layered network in artificial neural networks?

It is proven to compute any computable function. Signup and view all the answers

What does the arity of a Boolean function indicate?

The number of inputs to the function. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of single-unit networks, how is output determined?

By the weights, activation functions, and a binary threshold. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines Boolean functions?

Functions from sets of truth values to truth values. Signup and view all the answers

What do single-unit networks specifically model in terms of logic?

Basic binary Boolean functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which activation function is appropriate for a single-unit network representing Boolean functions?

Binary threshold activation function. Signup and view all the answers

Why are artificial neural networks (ANNs) considered powerful computational models?

They can model any computable function. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation when working with artificial neural networks in problem-solving?

The need for a large amount of training data. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic principle of Hebbian learning?

Neurons that fire together, wire together Signup and view all the answers

How does the perceptron convergence rule differ from Hebbian learning?

It requires feedback based on output discrepancy Signup and view all the answers

What is required for multilayer networks to compute Turing-computable functions?

An algorithm for multilayer training Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does backpropagation use to adjust weights in a neural network?

It forwards the output error and propagates it backwards Signup and view all the answers

What does the delta rule (perceptron convergence rule) mainly focus on during training?

The difference between actual and intended outputs Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using Hebbian learning in neural networks?

It excels in pattern generalization Signup and view all the answers

How does the backpropagation algorithm determine the 'responsibility' of hidden units for output errors?

By assessing their contribution to output errors Signup and view all the answers

What role does the learning rate constant ($,\epsilon$) play in the delta rule?

It determines the speed of weight adjustment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mindreading mechanism as presented?

To predict and explain others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'meta-representation'?

The decoupling of primary representations from their normal functions Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the 'Theory of Mind Mechanism' (TOMM) typically emerge according to development milestones?

18-48 months Signup and view all the answers

Which concept distinguishes between implicit and explicit understanding of beliefs?

False belief task Signup and view all the answers

What do the three basic mental states identified in the commonsense explanations include?

Desires, beliefs, and pretence Signup and view all the answers

The ability to have beliefs about beliefs is referred to as what?

Recursive belief system Signup and view all the answers

Which method is often utilized to assess whether infants understand false beliefs?

Violation of expectations paradigm Signup and view all the answers

Which detection systems are believed to develop before the age of 9 months?

Emotion Detector, Eye Direction Detector, Intentionality Detector Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind standard simulation in understanding other people's mental states?

Forming beliefs about the other person’s beliefs and predicting actions based on one's own beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

In radical simulation, what is the primary focus when understanding another person's behavior?

Visualizing the world from the perspective of the other person. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes radical simulation from standard simulation according to Goldman?

Radical simulation imagines situations without needing initial beliefs about the other’s mental state. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the simulator play in the radical simulation approach?

The simulator actively envisions the world from the other person’s viewpoint. Signup and view all the answers

How does simulation theory differ in its approach to understanding mental states compared to theory-theory?

Simulation theory relies on imagining the experience rather than abstract theorizing. Signup and view all the answers

What ability is crucial for passing the false belief task?

Inhibiting the assumption that others' beliefs are always true Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of metarepresentation?

Understanding that others can have true beliefs Signup and view all the answers

How does simulationism explain the understanding of other people's mental states?

By projecting one's mental state into another's perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Leslie's and Perner's theories regarding mindreading?

Leslie proposes a dedicated mindreading system, whereas Perner suggests general cognitive systems Signup and view all the answers

What is required for metarepresentation in relation to beliefs?

Recognizing that some beliefs can be false Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the idea of the Theory of Mind Module?

It functions as a specific cognitive system for understanding others Signup and view all the answers

What do simulation theorists reject in their understanding of mindreading?

That mindreading requires a specific cognitive system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between mindreading and metaphorical play?

Both rely on the same cognitive mechanisms but develop at different ages Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes understanding another person's mental state through imagining oneself in their situation?

Radical Simulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Standard Simulation and Radical Simulation?

Standard Simulation begins with the simulator's beliefs, while Radical Simulation does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Radical Simulation distinguishes it from other theories of mindreading?

It emphasizes thinking about the world from another person's perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mindreading without metarepresentation' imply in the context of Radical Simulation?

It denotes a lack of reliance on habitual psychological frameworks. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory focuses on how simulators infer another's mental states by performing thought experiments?

Simulation Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is required for children to pass the false belief task?

Inhibiting the default assumption that others' beliefs are true Signup and view all the answers

What does metarepresentation involve?

Drawing on background knowledge to attribute beliefs Signup and view all the answers

According to simulation theorists, mindreading is achieved through which process?

Understanding social coordination and using our own mental model Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect distinguishes Leslie's Selection Processor Hypothesis from Perner's model?

The requirement for recognizing false beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does the Theory of Mind Module serve?

To facilitate mental state awareness through a theoretical framework Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of metarepresentation?

Identifying a banana as a phone Signup and view all the answers

What major difference exists between the Theory of Mind Module and Simulationism?

The requirement of a dedicated cognitive system Signup and view all the answers

How does simulation theorists' view on mindreading differ from that of the Theory of Mind Module?

They use one's own mind to predict others’ behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'informational encapsulation' in modularity?

Modules can operate independently without external input. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes how modules respond to stimuli?

They respond automatically and cannot be controlled voluntarily. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Massive Modularity Hypothesis' propose?

All cognitive processes are modular with no central processing. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key feature of 'domain specificity' in modules?

Modules activate only for specific types of inputs. Signup and view all the answers

How do modules exhibit 'fixed neural architecture'?

Modules correspond to specific brain regions and neural pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'central inaccessibility' refer to in the context of modules?

Information processed by modules is not accessible to other mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of 'innate' in relation to modules?

Modules are present from birth and require no prior experience. Signup and view all the answers

What role do 'specific breakdown patterns' play in understanding modules?

They demonstrate predictable failure modes of modules. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Weekly Quizzes

Quizzes start this week.
Due date: Friday, 11:59 pm.
Submission method: eclass.
Grace period: Submission link remains open until Monday, 11:59 pm.
No extensions are available.
Permission is not required to submit during the grace period.

Quizzes - Reflection Question

Write one or two paragraphs describing and engaging with key points from lectures, readings, and discussions.
No right or wrong answer, but better and worse answers exist.
Possible reflection prompts:
- Key points from lectures, readings, or discussions to remember.
- Points or questions needing further exploration from lectures, readings, or discussions.
- Comments or questions that were desired to be made.
- Any changes in perspective after the week's material.
Responses are graded out of 5 points on clarity, conciseness, and compellingness.
Substance and active engagement are essential for a full 5-point score.

Behaviorism

A prehistory of Cognitive Science.
Emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental states.
Primarily focuses on the relationship of stimulus and response.
Scientific theories of the mind should be based on observable stimulus-response relationships.
Focuses on observable stimuli and responses and their relations; ignores internal cognitive states.

Early 20th Century Behaviorism

Rejection of internal states like thoughts and feelings.
Key figures: John Watson and B.F. Skinner.
Behaviorism rejected the study of internal mental states in cognitive science, instead relying on observable stimuli and responses.
Argued that internal states were unnecessary for scientific explanation of behavior.

Behaviorism - Scientific Explanations

In (input): Stimulus, Response, Environment.
Out (output): Thoughts, Memories, Feelings, Intentions, Desires, etc. (excluded from scientific explanations).
Scientific explanations focus on relationships between stimulus and response.
Changes in that relationship depend on additional stimuli (conditioning or reinforcement).
Behaviorism provides a framework that limits consideration to observable factors in scientific explanations; internal mental states are not considered.

Behaviorism and Learning

Experience results in permanent changes in learners.
Simple learning: Habituation and Sensitization.
Complex learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Associated learning that strengthens the association between a neutral and unconditioned stimulus.
Key figure: Ivan Pavlov.
Classical conditioning involves associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to cause a conditioned response.
Learning through association between stimuli.