Water-Soluble Vitamins Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the common clinical name for the deficiency of Vitamin B1?

  • Ariboflavinosis
  • Beriberi (correct)
  • Sideroblastic anemia
  • Megaloblastic anemia

Which symptom is NOT associated with dry Beri-Beri?

  • Difficulty breathing
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Rapid heart rate (correct)
  • Enlarged heart

Which food is considered the best dietary source of Vitamin B2?

  • Pork
  • Whole grains
  • Dairy products (correct)
  • Legumes

What enzyme is associated with Vitamin B2?

<p>Succinate dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a noted effect of heavy alcohol intake on thiamine status?

<p>Main cause of thiamine deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a deficiency of vitamin B12?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is vitamin B12 deficiency primarily treated in patients?

<p>Intramuscular injections or nasal spray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the RDA for vitamin C?

<p>75-90 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of vitamin B12?

<p>Steamed clams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Poor wound healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of excessive intake of vitamin C?

<p>Headaches and GI problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is considered a vitamin-like essential nutrient?

<p>Choline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Niacin (Vitamin B3) in the body?

<p>To act as a coenzyme in more than 400 enzymatic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the 3Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia?

<p>Pellagra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vitamin K in the body?

<p>Promoting blood clotting and skeletal formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is primarily caused by iodine deficiency?

<p>Goiter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a deficiency in Niacin synthesis?

<p>Use of Isoniazid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known symptom of excess Niacin intake?

<p>Facial flushing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a deficiency in vitamin K lead to in terms of bone health?

<p>Mineralization defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Vitamin B6?

<p>1.3 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are particularly high in iodine?

<p>Iodized salt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of magnesium deficiency?

<p>Loss of appetite and fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the effects of a deficiency in Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)?

<p>Burning feet syndrome and adrenal failure in animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is considered at risk for Niacin deficiency?

<p>Chronic alcoholics and dialysis patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by thyroid failure and is associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies?

<p>Hashimoto thyroiditis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is often used for Graves disease?

<p>Radioactive iodine therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of NAD+ in the body?

<p>It acts both as a redox cofactor and a substrate for various enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential symptoms of magnesium toxicity?

<p>Diarrhea and cramping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of magnesium in adult humans?

<p>60% in the skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is treated with magnesium supplementation?

<p>Pre-eclampsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with zinc deficiency?

<p>Acrodermatitis enteropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the established tolerable upper intake level (UL) for manganese?

<p>11 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dietary source of retinol?

<p>Liver and fish oils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral's deficiency can lead to impaired immune function?

<p>Zn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with Vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Impaired dark adaptation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of molybdenum deficiency?

<p>Seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended upper limit (UL) of Vitamin D intake?

<p>4000 IU (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following minerals can compete with manganese absorption?

<p>Magnesium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by poor bone formation in children?

<p>Rickets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form does molybdenum predominantly exist in?

<p>+4 and +6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Vitamin E in the human body?

<p>Lipid-soluble antioxidant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of consuming excessive amounts of Vitamin A?

<p>Hypervitaminosis A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are rich in beta-carotene?

<p>Orange and green vegetables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a genetic abnormality related to Vitamin E?

<p>Ataxia with Vitamin E deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thiamine deficiency symptoms

Thiamine deficiency, also known as beriberi, can manifest in various ways, from peripheral neuropathy to cardiovascular issues and neurological problems like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Thiamine source

Whole grains, pork, legumes, seeds, and nuts are excellent sources of thiamine.

Thiamine function

Thiamine is a crucial coenzyme involved in energy metabolism and other vital processes. It plays a key role in converting carbohydrates into energy, crucial neurological functions, and several metabolic reactions.

Ariboflavinosis symptoms

Ariboflavinosis is a rare condition caused by riboflavin deficiency. Symptoms include sore throat, cracked lips, red lips, inflamed tongue, seborrheic dermatitis, and potentially anemia and corneal problems.

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Riboflavin sources

Riboflavin can be obtained from dairy products, eggs, meats, fish, and green vegetables.

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Niacin function

Crucial for converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. Aids in hundreds of enzyme reactions.

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Niacin deficiency (Pellagra)

A condition caused by insufficient niacin intake, characterized by symptoms like skin rashes, digestive problems, and nervous system issues.

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Pantothenic Acid function

Important in energy production and synthesis/creation of various compounds.

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Pantothenic Acid deficiency symptoms

Rare in humans, but a possible result can be adrenal failure in animals.

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Vitamin B6 Role

Essential for numerous metabolic reactions, especially amino acid conversions and neurotransmitter production.

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Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Can result from using certain medications (e.g., Isoniazid), leading to metabolic problems.

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Niacin forms

Different forms (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide) exist and are crucial for the body's functions

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NAD's dual function

Acts as both an electron carrier and a substrate for enzymes involved in various cellular processes.

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What helps absorb B12?

Intrinsic factor, a protein produced in the stomach, is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

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What is the main reason for B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anemia, caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, often leads to vitamin B12 deficiency.

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B12 Deficiency symptoms

Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include neurological problems like peripheral neuropathy and dementia, megaloblastic anemia, and inflammation of the tongue (atrophic glossitis).

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B12 Sources

Good sources of vitamin B12 include animal products like meat, fish, poultry, and dairy, as well as fortified foods.

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What happens if you take too much vitamin C?

Excessive intake of vitamin C can lead to gastrointestinal problems, headaches, insomnia, and increased oxalate levels.

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What is the main function of vitamin C?

Vitamin C acts as a powerful antioxidant, protects against oxidative damage, and is crucial for collagen synthesis.

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Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

Scurvy, caused by vitamin C deficiency, manifests with symptoms like fatigue, bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and weakened bones.

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Choline importance

Choline is an essential nutrient critical for brain development and cognitive function throughout life.

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What is Vitamin C's role in iron absorption?

Vitamin C helps the body absorb dietary (non-heme) iron by reducing ferric iron (Fe3+) to ferrous iron (Fe2+), the form that can be readily absorbed.

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What's the precursor to active Vitamin D?

Cholecalciferol, the precursor to calcitriol, the most active form of Vitamin D, is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

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What are the signs of Vitamin D deficiency in children and adults?

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes Rickets, leading to bone deformities, while in adults it causes Osteomalacia, characterized by weak, soft bones.

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What are some potential symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

Vitamin E deficiency can lead to neuromuscular problems, hemolytic anemia, eye issues, reduced immunity, and increased inflammation.

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What are the best sources of Vitamin E?

Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables are excellent sources of Vitamin E.

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What are the roles of retinol?

Retinol is the active form of Vitamin A. It's essential for vision (converted to retinal) and serves as a hormone (converted to retinoic acid).

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What are the signs of Vitamin A deficiency?

Vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry eyes (xerophthalmia), and eventually corneal ulcers and scarring, leading to blindness.

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Vitamin K Function

Vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting, bone formation, and preventing soft tissue calcification.

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Vitamin K Sources

Green leafy vegetables, animal livers, and fermented foods are good sources of vitamin K.

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Vitamin K Deficiency Causes

Biliary tract disease, antibiotic intake, malnutrition, and malabsorption can lead to vitamin K deficiency.

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Iodine Function

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.

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Iodine Deficiency (ID) Consequences

ID can cause preventable brain damage, hypothyroidism, goiter, and developmental abnormalities.

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Graves Disease

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism.

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Hashimoto Thyroiditis

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.

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Magnesium Role

Magnesium plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including energy production and muscle function.

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Magnesium deficiency

A lack of magnesium in the body can occur due to conditions like GI disorders, renal problems, and endocrine imbalances.

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Manganese function

Manganese is crucial for various metabolic processes like bone formation and free radical defense. It's involved in enzymes like glutamine synthetase and arginase.

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Manganese deficiency symptom

Skeletal deformations and impaired wound healing due to collagen production inhibition are common signs of manganese deficiency.

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Zinc deficiency symptom

Growth retardation, loss of appetite, and weakened immune function are typical signs of zinc deficiency.

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Zinc absorption issues

Phytic acid, found in seeds and nuts, can hinder zinc absorption. High levels of other minerals can also compete for absorption.

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Molybdenum function

Molybdenum is part of molybdopterin, a critical cofactor for enzymes involved in sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism and detoxification.

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Molybdenum deficiency impact

Genetic defects affecting molybdopterin synthesis can disrupt sulfite metabolism, leading to a buildup of sulfite and potentially fatal consequences.

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Molybdenum sources

Legumes like black-eyed peas and liver are good sources of molybdenum.

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Study Notes

Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • B vitamins are primarily absorbed in the small intestine (jejunum)- B12 is absorbed in the terminal ileum.
  • Thiamine (Vitamin B1): RDA 1.1-1.2 mg (no UL). Deficiency symptoms include Beri-Beri (dry and wet), and cerebral. Dry beri-beri involves peripheral neuropathy. Wet beri-beri involves cardiac issues (rapid heart rate, enlarged heart, edema, breathing difficulties). Beriberi can be caused by heavy alcohol use. Best dietary sources include whole grains, pork, legumes, and seeds.
  • Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): RDA 1.1-1.3 mg (no UL). Deficiency (ariboflavinosis) is rare. Symptoms include sore throat, cracked lips, red lips, inflamed tongue, seborrheic dermatitis, and anemia. Best dietary sources are dairy products, Eggs, meat/fish, and green vegetables.
  • Niacin (Vitamin B3): RDA 14-16 mg (UL 35 mg). Deficiency symptoms include pellagra (3Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia/delirium), GI issues, and facial flushing. Sources are black tongue disease (diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain), meat, whole grains, legumes, and seeds.
  • Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): RDA 5 mg (no UL). Deficiency is rare in humans. Symptoms include adrenal failure, if deficient in animals. Widely distributed in foods.
  • Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6): RDA 1.3 mg (UL 100 mg). Deficiency involves seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia, glossitis, and neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, problems walking. It's crucial for a variety of enzymatic reactions. Foods rich in B6 include fish, poultry, nuts, legumes, potatoes, and bananas.
  • Biotin (Vitamin B7): RDA 30 ug (no UL). Deficiency symptoms can include conjunctivitis, neurological abnormalities, glossitis, alopecia, nausea, and loss of appetite. Sources include liver, egg yolks, whole grains.
  • Folate (Vitamin B9): RDA 400 ug (UL 1000 ug). Deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia. Sources include leafy greens, citrus, and legumes.
  • Cobalamin (Vitamin B12): RDA 2.4 ug (no UL). Deficiency causes pernicious anemia (intrinsic factor deficiency) and neurological abnormalities. Foods high in B12 include liver, egg yolks, and animal products.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

  • Vitamin A: RDA 700-900 RAE (UL 3000 RAE). Deficiency in vitamin A can cause night blindness. Important for vision. Sources include orange and green vegetables, liver, and fish oils.
  • Vitamin D: RDA 600-800 IU (UL 4000 IU). Deficiency can cause rickets (in children) or osteomalacia (in adults). Sources include fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods.
  • Vitamin E: RDA 15 mg (UL 1000 mg). Deficiency is rare but may lead to neurological disorders, and problems with blood clotting. Good sources include vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
  • Vitamin K: RDA 90-120 mcg (no UL). A deficiency in Vitamin K can cause bleeding problems, deficiency is associated with diseases affecting bile production or absorption. Good sources include green leafy vegetables, animal liver, and fermented foods.

Minerals

  • Magnesium: RDA 320-420 mg (UL 350 mg). Deficiency symptoms include fatigue, constipation, cold skin/intolerance, and possible depression. Foods high in magnesium include green leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, and nuts.
  • Manganese: RDA 1.8-2.3 mg (UL 11 mg). Deficiency can impact skeletal development and collagen production. Sources include nuts and grains.
  • Zinc: RDA 8-11 mg (UL 40 mg). Deficiency is associated with growth retardation, loss of appetite, and impaired immune function. Good dietary sources include red meats, shellfish, and animal products.
  • Iodine: RDA 150 mcg (no UL). Deficiency leads to goiter and can impair physical and mental development. Foods include seafood and iodized salt.

Additional Information

  • RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance
  • UL: Tolerable Upper Intake Level
  • AI: Adequate Intake

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Description

This quiz covers key information about water-soluble vitamins, particularly the B vitamins. You'll learn about their absorption, recommended daily allowances (RDA), deficiency symptoms, and dietary sources. Testing your knowledge of these essential nutrients will enhance your understanding of nutrition.

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