Water-Soluble Vitamins

To interact with enzymes and regulate chemical reactions.

The synthesis of a coenzyme.

They undergo digestion to release their B vitamin components.

<p>Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and pantothenic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rebuild coenzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because coenzymes in food or supplements are not absorbed intact and are broken down to release their B vitamin components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coenzymes containing B vitamins are necessary for their synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To function as components of coenzymes involved in various chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of coenzyme needed for carbohydrate metabolism and the metabolism of certain amino acids; may help neurotransmitter production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milk, yogurt, and other milk products; enriched breads and cereals; liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of coenzymes needed for energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needed for synthesizing glucose and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism, involved in neurotransmitter and hemoglobin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of coenzyme needed for DNA synthesis and conversion of cysteine to methionine, preventing homocysteine accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part of coenzymes needed for various cellular processes, including folate metabolism; maintenance of myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needed for connective tissue synthesis and maintenance; antioxidant; synthesis of neurotransmitters and certain hormones; immune system functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitter and phospholipid synthesis; methionine metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.2 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beriberi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riboflavin is a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because exposure to light causes riboflavin to break down rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.3 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can destroy thiamin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, pork, nuts, legumes, and orange juice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gastrointestinal ulcers, loss of vision, and liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B-6 is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that nerves produce to transmit messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vitamin B-6 in their infant formula was destroyed during manufacturing, leading to a lack of neurotransmitters in their brains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B-6 is lost during the refining process and is not added back to the grain products during enrichment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.3 to 1.7 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dermatitis, anemia, seizures, depression, and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>THF accepts a single-carbon group and participates in DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis, as cells need THF to make DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.8 mg/day for women, 2.5 mg/day for men</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The excess riboflavin is excreted by the kidneys, causing the urine to turn yellow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 60 mg of tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The niacin in corn is tightly bound to a protein that resists digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14 mg/day for women, 16 mg/day for men</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death (the '4 Ds of pellagra')</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>35 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disrupted tryptophan metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps free the niacin, making it more absorbable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have been treated with limewater before cooking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess folic acid may accumulate in blood and produce negative health effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because DNA synthesis and cell division take place at a rapid pace during embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spina bifida and anencephaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts MTHF to the biologically active form of folate (5-MTHF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they may not be able to produce enough 5-MTHF for DNA production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400 mcg of folic acid daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can prevent many cases of neural tube defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the myelin sheaths that wrap around certain nerve cells, insulating them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 to 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.4 mcg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding vitamin B-12 in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prepare for pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Problems that interfere with intestinal absorption of the vitamin, not inadequate intakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because plant foods supply little vitamin B-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia and serious nervous system problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pantothenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family history and advanced age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A small amount of the vitamin is absorbed without the need for intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps release vitamin B-12 from animal protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired absorption of the vitamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache, fatigue, impaired muscle coordination, and GI tract disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because avidin, a protein in raw egg whites, binds to biotin, making the vitamin resist digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C helps create numerous cross-connections between the amino acids in collagen, greatly strengthening the connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swollen gums that bleed easily, teeth that loosen and fall out of their sockets, skin that bruises easily, and poor wound healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the kidneys increase their excretion of the vitamin in response to high intakes, and the small intestine absorbs less of the micronutrient when intakes exceed 200 mg/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can contribute to a biotin deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they are among the few species that are unable to synthesize all the vitamin they need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It donates electrons to other compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because their diets are often lacking in other nutrients as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gives strength to connective tissue, supporting other structures in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant by donating electrons to radicals. It also donates electrons to vitamin E, recycling it so that it can regain its antioxidant function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C plays a role in immune function, synthesis of bile and certain neurotransmitters, and production of hormones such as cortisol and thyroxin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant foods such as peppers, citrus fruits, papaya, broccoli, and berries are rich in vitamin C. Potatoes and fortified foods like fruit drinks and cereals are also good sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C is unstable in the presence of heat, oxygen, light, alkaline conditions, and minerals like iron and copper. It can be preserved by storing foods in cool conditions, such as in the refrigerator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adult RDA for vitamin C is 75-90 mg/day for women and men, respectively. The UL is 2000 mg/day, beyond which gastrointestinal upsets and other negative effects may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoke increases radical formation in the lungs, making higher amounts of vitamin C necessary to offset this effect. Passive smokers may also require more vitamin C, although the exact amount is not established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive oxalate excretion can increase the risk of kidney stones. People susceptible to kidney stones should avoid consuming high amounts of vitamin C supplements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most people require less than 10 mg of vitamin C daily to prevent scurvy, and a balanced diet can provide adequate amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When cells are saturated with vitamin C, the excess is filtered and eliminated in urine by the kidneys. Taking megadoses is wasteful because high amounts are not well absorbed and are eliminated in urine and feces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guava is a valuable fruit because it is an excellent source of fiber and vitamin C. The white or pink flesh of a guava contains more vitamin C than an orange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C is essential for various bodily functions, and Americans rarely develop scurvy because it is added to many processed foods, including fruit and sports drinks, ready-to-eat cereals, and nutrition or power bars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The richest sources of choline are liver, wheat germ, eggs, beef, and pork. The adult AI for choline is 425 mg/day for women and 550 mg/day for men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body can obtain choline from dietary sources and also synthesize it from serine, an amino acid. Vegans may be at risk of choline deficiency because they do not eat animal-based foods, which are rich in choline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choline deficiency can cause liver damage. It is a concern because the body cannot produce enough choline, especially during certain life stages, and vegans may not consume enough choline from plant-based sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is important to consider the amount of vitamin C in a supplement because high doses can be unnecessary and may interact with other nutrients. The recommended intake is up to 200 mg per tablet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lecithin is a phospholipid in egg yolks that is a rich source of choline. Choline is an essential nutrient that can be obtained from lecithin in egg yolks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-MTHF transfers a CH3 group to vitamin B-12, which then transfers the CH3 group to homocysteine, forming methionine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folate cannot be used, leading to a deficiency, even with adequate dietary intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthetic folic acid is better absorbed than naturally occurring forms of folate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 to 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400 mcg (DFE)/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia, characterized by large, immature RBCs with nuclei that do not carry normal amounts of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many of folate's metabolic roles are related to those of vitamin B-12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1000 mcg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies produce similar deficiency signs and symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>You are likely to obtain most of the food's folate content, as folate is susceptible to destruction by heat, oxidation, and UV light.</p> Signup and view all the answers