Water Quality Parameters and Measurement Techniques Quiz

Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal ______

Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of ______ both on and below the Earth's surface

The boiling point of water is dependent on the ______ pressure

The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 °C. It has the anomalous property of becoming less dense, not more, when it is cooled down to its solid form, ______

Lead (Pb) is the most common metallic ______

Lead poisoning affects children more than adults, with 50% of children and 10% of adults absorbing ingested lead due to the ______

Inhalation of lead particles can occur during smelting, recycling, stripping leaded paint, and using leaded aviation fuel, while ingestion can happen from lead-contaminated dust, water, and food due to hand-to-mouth ______

The direct effect of lead on the CNS can cause lead encephalopathy, especially in ______

Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh water, with over 90% of it located in ______

Water expands by 9% in its solid state, causing ice to float on ______ water

Hot water weighs more than ______ water

Mauna Kea, not Mount Everest, is the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from the ocean floor to its ______

Water exists naturally on Earth in three forms: ______, gas, and solid

A water molecule spends 98 years in the ocean, 20 months as ice, about 2 weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere in a 100-year ______

Hydrology is the study of water and its movement within the ______ cycle

The hydrological cycle involves evaporation from oceans and land surfaces, condensation, precipitation, and water flow into streams and ______

Evapotranspiration refers to the combined processes of evaporation and transpiration, where water is released to the ______

Groundwater is an important source of water supply and can be found in aquifers and the zone of ______

Surface water supplies fluctuate widely and are easily degraded by ______

Water quality is affected by impurities acquired throughout the hydrologic cycle and human activities, classified as potable, palatable, ______, or infected

Sources of ______ include various suspended materials, erosion of colloidal material, and the presence of soaps, detergents, and emulsifying agents.

Water ______ can be affected by various sources such as organic debris, iron oxides, manganese oxides, and industrial wastes, leading to aesthetically unacceptable water.

Taste and ______ in water can be caused by a range of substances, including minerals, metals, salts, and organic substances from biological decomposition and petroleum-based products, and these can impact the aesthetic acceptability of water.

Groundwater typically has very low ______ due to natural filtration as it penetrates through the soil.

Turbidity measures the extent of light absorption or scattering by suspended material in water and is not a direct quantitative measure of suspended solids.

Total dissolved solids (______) per liter can be used to classify water as freshwater (5000 mg/L ______).

Fixed ______ and volatile ______ are important concepts in the measurement of suspended and dissolved ______.

Filterable and nonfilterable ______ in the laboratory relate closely to dissolved and suspended solids, respectively.

______ of total solids, total suspended solids, and dissolved solids is crucial for water quality assessment, with specific methods for each parameter.

Suspended ______ in water can be aesthetically displeasing and provide adsorption sites for chemical and biological agents.

Sources of suspended ______ include inorganic material (clay, silt, etc.) and organic material (plant fibers, algal cells), as well as human use of water such as domestic and industrial wastewater.

Water Quality Parameters and Their Measurement

Temperature of surface waters governs the biological species present and their rates of activity

Conductivity levels will increase as the amount of ions in the water increases

Pure water is neutral, with a ______ close to 7.0 at 25°C

Acidity in water is usually due to carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and hydrolyzed salts such as ferric and aluminum sulfates

Quantity of ions in water that will react to neutralize hydrogen ions

Mainly caused by the presence of magnesium and calcium ions

At lower ______, biological activity (utilization of food supplies, growth, reproduction) is slower

It is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize acids

Results of the dissolution of mineral substances in soil and atmosphere

Bicarbonates and bicarbonates can be removed by boiling

A ______ below 4 or above 10 will kill most fish, and very few animals can endure water with a ______ below 3 or above 11

Measures how well a sample of water or similar solution can carry or conduct electrical currents

Measurement of Ca2+ and Mg2+ using spectrophotometric techniques and chemical titration with EDTA

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water after filtration and evaporation, including organic and inorganic sources

Common constituents of TDS: Ca, Mg, Na, K, chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates

TDS levels indicating water salinity: fresh water (<1500 mg/L), brackish water (up to 5000 mg/L), sea water (30,000 to 34,000 mg/L)

Toxicity of heavy ______ like lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, and their effects on the body

Sources and impacts of non-toxic metals in water, such as sodium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc

Effects of toxic heavy metals on the body, including nervous system breakdown and kidney damage

Turbidity measures the extent of light absorption or scattering by suspended material in water and is not a direct quantitative measure of suspended solids

Water exists naturally on Earth in three forms: _______, gas, and solid

Lead poisoning affects children more than adults, with 50% of children and 10% of adults absorbing ingested lead due to the ______

Surface water supplies fluctuate widely and are easily degraded by ______

Filterable and nonfilterable ______ in the laboratory relate closely to dissolved and suspended solids, respectively.

Solubility of metals in water, accumulation in the body, and health hazards of toxic heavy metals

______ significantly affects biological species and chemical reactions in water, with shallow bodies of water being more sensitive to ambient temperature and industrial heat waste discharges causing dramatic changes in receiving streams.

Biological activity in water decreases at lower temperatures and doubles with a 10°C increase if essential nutrients are present; warm water accelerates algae growth and affects fish and dissolved oxygen levels.

Temperature changes also influence chemical reaction rates, solubility of chemicals, and other physical properties of water such as viscosity and density.

Electrical conductivity measures the water's ability to conduct electrical currents, with higher levels indicating more contaminants, while potable and ultra-pure water have low conductivity.

PH, the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, affects the taste, effectiveness of chlorine disinfection, and oxygen levels in water, with safe ranges for drinking water being 6.5 to 8.5.

PH also impacts aquatic animals and plants, with low or high pH being fatal and affecting the hatching of fish eggs, irritating fish and aquatic insect gills, and damaging membranes.

Acidity in water is due to carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and hydrolyzed salts, influencing corrosion, chemical reactions, and biological activities.

Alkalinity measures the water's ability to neutralize acids and affects water taste, pipe fouling, and buffering activity, with sources including mineral substances, phosphates, sulfides, and ammonia.

Hardness in water is caused by magnesium and calcium ions, mainly from soil and rock contact, particularly limestone deposits, and is present as bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates.

Temporary hardness, due to carbonates and bicarbonates, can be removed by boiling, while permanent hardness, remaining after boiling, is mainly caused by sulfates and chlorides.

Groundwater is generally harder than surface water, and total hardness is the sum of temporary and permanent hardness.

Measurement and analysis methods include titration of water with an acid to determine hydrogen equivalent and determining alkalinity's mg/L of CaCO3, essential for assessing water's buffering activity.

Measurement of Ca2+ and Mg2+ using spectrophotometric techniques and chemical titration with EDTA

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water after filtration and evaporation, including organic and inorganic sources

Common constituents of TDS: Ca, Mg, Na, K, chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates

TDS ______ indicating water salinity: fresh water (<1500 mg/L), brackish water (up to 5000 mg/L), sea water (30,000 to 34,000 mg/L)

Maximum TDS limits for livestock and crops for various applications

Fluoride levels in water and their impact on dental health and bone fluorosis

Solubility of metals in water, accumulation in the body, and health hazards of toxic heavy metals

Effects of toxic heavy metals on the body, including nervous system breakdown and kidney damage

Sources and impacts of non-toxic metals in water, such as sodium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc

Measurement methods for iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in water

Toxicity of heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, and their effects on the body