MLBT 1070 Unit 1: Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What method uses a semipermeable membrane to purify water?

  • Ion-exchange
  • Distillation
  • Carbon filtration
  • Reverse osmosis (correct)

    • Borosilicate glass can be directly heated over an open flame.

    False

    What type of glass is highly resistant to clouding and scratching?

    Corex glass

    The ______ traps remaining particulates and bacteria in water purification systems.

    <p>particulate/bacteria filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of glassware with their characteristics:

    <p>Borosilicate glass = High thermal resistance Corex glass = Six times stronger than borosilicate Low actinic glass = Amber color for light sensitivity protection Teflon (PTFE) = Highly thermally and chemically resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method to reduce mineral content in water?

    <p>Ion-exchange filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated charcoal in carbon filters is effective in removing minerals from water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resistivity (in ohms) that should be monitored to ensure water purity?

    <p>greater than 10MΩ * cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for molarity (M) is ______.

    <p>(grams of solute / GMW of solute )/ liters of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to vaporize water and then condense it to purify or concentrate substances?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reverse osmosis removes approximately 90% of mineral content in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glassware is highly resistant to thermal shock and is used for beakers and test tubes?

    <p>Borosilicate glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ filter contains a resin that exchanges hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) for ionized impurities.

    <p>ion-exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of plastics with their characteristics:

    <p>Polypropylene = Flexible or rigid, chemically resistant Polyethylene = May absorb proteins and stains Polycarbonate = Not to be used with strong acids Polystyrene = Cracks under pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of balance uses strain gauges to measure weight displacement?

    <p>Electronic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particulate filters are used at the beginning of water purification systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dilution factor (DF) formula?

    <p>DF = solution, or denominator of a dilition fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normality (N) is defined as grams of solute divided by the GEW of solute per liters of solution, where GEW is the gram molecular weight divided by its ______.

    <p>valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum resistivity value (in ohms) that indicates good water purity?

    <p>10 MΩ * cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of balance uses magnetic forces to achieve stability and accuracy in mass measurement?

    <p>Magnetic Force-Restoration Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TC pipettes are designed to deliver a specific volume of liquid without retaining any within the pipette.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating molality (m)?

    <p>m = (grams of solute / GMW of solute) / 1.0 kg of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of a solution is expressed as the ratio of solute to solution.

    <p>dilution factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of pipettes with their descriptions:

    <p>Volumetric Pipettes = Designed to hold a very precise volume of liquid Graduated Pipettes = Marked with graduations to measure different volumes Serological Pipettes = Used in biological labs and often have blowout markings Micropipettes = Used for measuring and dispensing small volumes in microliters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of electronic balances over traditional balances?

    <p>Quick and accurate readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micropipettes use a piston to create pressure for liquid aspiration and dispensing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for normality (N)?

    <p>N = (grams of solute / GEW of solute) / liters of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dilution calculations, the ______ factor is the denominator of the dilution fraction.

    <p>dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of balances to their descriptions:

    <p>Unequal-arm Substitution Balance = Uses levers and weights for precise measurement Magnetic Force-Restoration Balance = Utilizes magnetic forces for stability Electronic Balance = Converts weight into an electrical signal for digital display</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a bulb pipette?

    <p>To transfer liquids without precise measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A swinging bucket centrifuge can achieve much faster speeds than a fixed angle centrifuge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative centrifuge force used in swinging bucket centrifuges?

    <p>1000-1200 x g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is capable of generating centrifugal forces of up to 100000 RPM.

    <p>ultracentrifuge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of centrifuges with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Swinging bucket centrifuge = Tubes are in a horizontal position and can separate cells from serum Microcentrifuge = Prepares pellets of DNA and RNA with high RCF Refrigerated centrifuge = Maintains lower temperatures for specimens during separation Fixed angle centrifuge = Tubes are spun at angles of 20* to 45* and achieve higher speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of centrifuge would you use for separating samples that require low temperatures?

    <p>Refrigerated centrifuge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fixed angle centrifuge is typically used for precise volume measurements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary application of ultracentrifuges?

    <p>Fractionating lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microcentrifuges commonly operate at an RCF of ______.

    <p>18000 x g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of dispensing pipettes?

    <p>Dispense multiple aliquots of the same volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about reverse osmosis is true?

    <p>It removes 95-99% of organic compounds and bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polypropylene plasticware can be used for cryogenic procedures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable amount of bacterial content in purified water measured in Colony Forming Units (CFU) per mL?

    <p>&lt; 10 CFU/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ filters use activated charcoal to remove various organic compounds.

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the glass types with their characteristics:

    <p>Borosilicate Glass = High thermal resistance Corex = Resists clouding and scratching Low Actinic Glass = Protects light-sensitive materials Vitreous China = Commonly used for laboratory porcelain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which water purification method involves vaporization and condensation?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixed bed resins only contain anion-exchange materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended resistivity (in ohms) for ensuring water purity?

    <blockquote> <p>10 MΩ * cm</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______, comprised of plastic materials, should not be autoclaved and cracks under pressure.

    <p>Polystyrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of particulate filters in water purification systems?

    <p>To trap remaining particulates and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit?

    <p>F = 1.8C + 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF) is RCF = (1.118 x 10^-5)(r)(rpm)^2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you convert mg/dL to meq/L?

    <p>meq/L = mg/dL x (molecular weight x valence / 10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the formula: C = (F - ______) / 1.8.

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conversion formulas with their respective temperature measurement:

    <p>C = (F - 32) / 1.8 = Fahrenheit to Celsius K = C + 273 = Celsius to Kelvin K = (F + 459.67) x (5 / 9) = Fahrenheit to Kelvin F = 1.8C + 32 = Celsius to Fahrenheit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is autoclavable but should not be used with strong acids or oxidizing agents?

    <p>Polycarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polystyrene is resistant to hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for molarity (M)?

    <p>M = (grams of solute / GMW of solute) / liters of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Balance minimizes errors from external factors using magnetic forces.

    <p>Magnetic Force-Restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of plastic with its characteristics:

    <p>Polyethylene = Can absorb proteins and dyes Polystyrene = Cannot be autoclaved and cracks under pressure Teflon (PTFE) = Highly thermally and chemically resistant Polycarbonate = Autoclavable but not with strong acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dilution factor (DF)?

    <p>The denominator of a dilution fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the formula __________.

    <p>C = (F - 32) / 1.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electronic balances are less accurate and slower than traditional balances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Reverse Osmosis in water purification?

    <p>To remove 95-99% of organic compounds and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Borosilicate glass can be used safely with concentrated alkaline solutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

    <p>C = (F - 32) / 1.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water purification method that uses a semipermeable membrane.

    <p>Reverse Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following water purification methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Distillation = Vaporizes and condenses water to purify substances Ion-exchange Filters = Removes ions to reduce mineral content Carbon Filters = Contain activated charcoal to remove organic compounds Particulate Filters = Trap remaining particulates, including bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal resistivity measurement for ensuring water purification?

    <p>10 MΩ * cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water must have less than 10 Colony Forming Units (CFU) per mL to be considered purified.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the primary role of Mixed bed resins in water purification.

    <p>They exchange hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) for ionized impurities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pipette is most suitable for transferring viscous or volatile liquids?

    <p>Positive displacement pipettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graduated pipettes can only be used for dispensing liquids, not for aspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of electronic pipettes?

    <p>They allow for programmable dispensing and reduce the risk of human error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micropipettes can measure volumes as low as ______ accurately.

    <p>0.1 µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of centrifuges with their characteristics:

    <p>Fixed-angle centrifuge = Maintains a constant angle during centrifugation Swing-out rotor = Allows tubes to swing out horizontally Ultracentrifuge = Generates high centrifugal forces Microcentrifuge = Commonly used for small sample volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pipette is best for measuring larger volumes (1 mL to 50 mL)?

    <p>Serological pipettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swing-out rotors enhance sedimentation efficiency especially for smaller samples.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical angle range for fixed-angle centrifuge rotors?

    <p>25 to 45 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pipette is designed for transferring very small volumes, as low as 0.1 µL?

    <p>Micropipettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive displacement pipettes are best suited for non-viscous liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of electronic pipettes in laboratory settings?

    <p>Programmable dispensing and reduction of human error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ centrifuge rotor allows the tubes to swing out to a horizontal position.

    <p>swing-out or swing bucket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What volume range is typical for graduated pipettes?

    <p>1 mL to 50 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fixed-angle centrifuge rotors do not allow any angle adjustment during use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of positive displacement pipettes?

    <p>To handle viscous or volatile liquids with greater accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Purification Methods

    • Prefiltration traps particulate matter in the feed water.
    • Distillation vaporizes and condenses water, purifying or concentrating substances. It separates volatile substances from less volatile ones.
    • Reverse Osmosis forces water through a semipermeable membrane, acting as a molecular filter. It removes 95-99% of organic compounds, bacteria, and other particulate matter, and approximately 95% of dissolved minerals.
    • Ion-exchange Filters remove ions to reduce mineral content (deionized water). Water passes through insoluble resin polymers with anion- or cation-exchange resins. The resins exchange hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) for ionized impurities. Mixed bed resins have both anion- and cation-exchange materials.
    • Carbon Filters contain activated charcoal to remove various types of organic compounds.
    • Particulate/Bacteria Filters are at the end of purification systems to trap remaining particulates, including bacteria.

    Water Purity Monitoring Measurements

    • Resistivity should be greater than 10 MΩ * cm.
    • Bacterial content should be less than 10 Colony Forming Units (CFU) per mL.
    • Organics/Total Organic Carbon should be less than 500 nanograms per gram (ppb).
    • Monitor silicate concentration levels.
    • Monitor particulate concentration levels.

    Glassware Types

    • Borosilicate Glass (e.g., Pyrex, Kimax) has high thermal resistance, low alkali content, and is free of heavy metals. Do not use with concentrated alkaline solutions, or heat directly over an open flame.
    • Corex is six times stronger chemically than borosilicate glass. It resists clouding and scratching.
    • Low Actinic Glass is amber/red colored, protecting light-sensitive materials.

    Plasticware Types

    • Polypropylene is flexible or rigid, chemically resistant, autoclavable, and can handle cryogenic procedures (with special treatment).
    • Polyethylene may absorb proteins, dyes, stains, and picric acid.
    • Polycarbonate is autoclavable but do not use with strong acids, bases, or oxidizing agents.
    • Polystyrene cannot be autoclaved; it cracks under pressure. It is not resistant to hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols.
    • Teflon (PTFE) is highly thermally and chemically resistant, resisting many acids, bases, alcohols, and hydrocarbons.

    Types of Balances

    • Unequal-arm Substitution Balance: Allows for precise mass measurement using levers and weights. Different arm lengths allow for heavier weights. Useful for accurate mass determination and handles a range of weights. Internal weights are removed to determine specimen weight.
    • Magnetic Force-Restoration Balance: Uses magnetic fields for stability and accurate mass measurement. Magnetic forces restore balance after displacement. Minimizes errors and fluctuations from external factors. A restoring current achieves equilibrium.
    • Electronic Balance: Designed for precise, rapid mass measurement using advanced electronics. Uses load cells to convert weight force into electrical signals, processed digitally. Features built-in calibration for long-term accuracy. Some models have tare functionality to subtract container weight. Often offers digital displays and data logging.

    Dilutions, Concentration Factors, Conversions, and Other Formulas

    • Dilution Factor (DF) is the denominator of a dilution fraction.
    • Dilution is adding solute to solvent; ratio of solute to solution.
    • Concentration units include molarity, normality, molality, and percentages.
      • Molarity (M): Moles of solute per liter of solution (M=(grams of solute / GMW of solute) / liters of solution). GMW = gram molecular weight.
      • Normality (N): Equivalents of solute per liter of solution (N = (grams of solute / GEW of solute) / liters of solution). GEW = gram equivalent weight/valence.
      • Molality (m): Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (m = (grams of solute / GMW of solute) / 1 kg solvent).
      • %w/v: grams of solute / 100 mL of solution.
      • %w/w: grams of solute / 100 g of solution.
      • %v/v: mL of solute / 100 mL of solution.
    • Convert meq/L to mg/dL: meq/L = mg/dL / (molecular weight x valence / 10).
    • Convert mg/dL to meq/L: mg/dL = meq/L x (molecular weight x valence / 10).
    • Relative centrifugal force (RCF): RCF = (1.118 x 10^-5)(r)(rpm)^2
    • Revolutions per minute (RPM): RPM = square root of {(RCF / [r x 1.118])} x1000
    • Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (F - 32) / 1.8
    • Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = 1.8C + 32
    • Convert Celsius to kelvins: K = C + 273
    • Convert Fahrenheit to kelvin: K = (F + 459.67) x (5 / 9)

    Types of Pipettes

    • Air displacement pipettes: Most common, use a piston mechanism to draw liquid into a disposable tip. Versatile, measuring 0.1 µL to 10 mL.
    • Positive displacement pipettes: Liquid comes into contact with the piston. Best for viscous or volatile liquids, higher accuracy.
    • Graduated pipettes: Long, narrow tubes with markings for measuring liquid volume (1 mL to 50 mL).
    • Serological pipettes: Graduated, larger, suitable for cells and microbiological samples; wider diameter for easier transfer of cell suspensions.
    • Micropipettes: Specialized for extremely small volumes (0.1 µL). Essential in molecular biology.
    • Transfer pipettes: Disposable, plastic; not precise, for transferring liquids without needing exact measurements.
    • Electronic pipettes: Programmable dispensing; efficient, reduces human error; can handle multiple channels simultaneously.

    Types of Centrifuges

    • Fixed-angle centrifuge rotors: Maintain constant angle (25-45 degrees) during centrifugation. Uniform gravitational force facilitates sedimentation of particles (cells, organelles).
    • swing-out rotors: Allow tubes to swing outward to a horizontal position during centrifugation. Enhanced sedimentation efficiency, especially for larger samples or varying density components. Often used in separating biological materials like blood components or cell suspensions.
    • microcentrifuges: Designed for small sample volumes, typically used in molecular biology applications.

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