Water and Minerals Unit 10
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the diffusion of water in osmosis?

  • Concentration differences of dissolved substances (correct)
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Temperature regulation

    • Water helps in temperature regulation in the body.

    True (A)

    What is the role of hormones in water regulation?

    Hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help regulate water balance by affecting kidney function and water retention.

    The _______ are primarily responsible for regulating hydration levels in the body through filtering blood and forming urine.

    <p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their corresponding state:

    <p>Dehydration = Dry mouth and increased thirst Excess hydration = Frequent urination and clear urine Normal hydration = Balanced electrolyte levels Severe dehydration = Dizziness and low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a deficiency of water in the body?

    <p>Dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body water is distributed evenly throughout all body compartments.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how osmosis affects water distribution in the body.

    <p>Osmosis causes water to move based on the concentration of solutes, pulling water into areas where solute concentrations are higher to achieve balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the movement of water inside and outside of cells?

    <p>Electrolytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys only filter blood and do not reabsorb any necessary substances.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can activate the thirst center in the brain?

    <p>Decreased blood volume or increased solutes in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys is called ______.

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their potential symptoms:

    <p>Mild dehydration = Thirst Severe dehydration = Confusion Overhydration = Blue lips Dehydration = Dark smelling urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hormone that regulates water balance?

    <p>Cortisol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased sodium concentration in the blood can lead to dehydration.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can influence the amount of water loss from the body?

    <p>Activity level, temperature, humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of water moving from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration is known as ______.

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with severe dehydration?

    <p>Cold hands and feet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyponatremia primarily caused by?

    <p>Water retention and disorder in ability to excrete urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men aged 19-30 years require 2.6L of water per day.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in calcium regulation?

    <p>Stimulates bone to release calcium and increases absorption in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess sodium from consumption may lead to __________ imbalance.

    <p>acid-base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following electrolytes with their primary locations:

    <p>Sodium = Extracellular fluid Potassium = Intracellular fluid Chloride = Extracellular fluid Calcium = In bones and teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be an indicator of fluid retention?

    <p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by an excess of red blood cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of electrolyte deficiency?

    <p>Acid-base imbalance, muscle cramps, confusion, and irregular heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium in the body is primarily stored in __________ and __________.

    <p>bones, teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enhances the absorption of non-heme iron?

    <p>Vitamin C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water consumption needs are influenced solely by gender.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive potassium intake from supplements cause?

    <p>Heart to stop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium is an __________ ion primarily found outside the cell.

    <p>extracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended daily calcium needs for adults aged 19-70?

    <p>1000 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using an iron pan doesn't affect iron absorption from food.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Water Balance

    Maintaining equal water intake and output in the body to keep hydration levels stable.

    Electrolytes

    Substances that regulate water distribution inside and outside cells, impacting bodily functions.

    Dehydration

    A state where the body loses more water than it takes in, potentially leading to symptoms.

    Thirst

    A sensation triggered by low blood volume or high blood solute concentration, prompting the body to drink.

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    Kidneys

    Organs that regulate water balance and waste excretion through filtering and reabsorption.

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    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys, influencing urine volume.

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    Blood Pressure

    Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, impacting water distribution in the body.

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    Water Intake

    Ingestion of water, fluids, and foods to replenish bodily fluids.

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    Water Output

    Elimination of water through urine, feces, sweating, and respiration.

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    Water Loss

    Amount of water excreted from the body.

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    Major minerals

    Minerals the body requires more than 100mg per day or more than 0.01% of body weight.

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    Water's role in transportation

    Water moves nutrients, waste products, and oxygen throughout the body.

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    Osmosis in water balance

    Water moves to equalize the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes).

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    Intracellular water

    Water inside the cells (2/3 of the body's water).

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    Extracellular water

    Water outside cells, in blood, lymph, and between cells.

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    Water's function in chemical reactions

    Water is a key component in many metabolic processes.

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    Water's role in body temperature

    Water helps regulate body temperature.

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    Water's role in blood volume

    Water maintains blood volume and blood pressure.

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    Hyponatremia

    A condition where the level of sodium in the blood is abnormally low, often caused by excessive water intake relative to sodium intake.

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    Fluid Accumulation

    The buildup of excess fluid in body tissues, often seen in conditions like edema, causing swelling.

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    Electrolyte Imbalance

    A disruption in the balance of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride, impacting bodily functions.

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    Bone Remodeling

    The ongoing process of breaking down old bone tissue (osteoclasts) and building new bone tissue (osteoblasts) to maintain bone health.

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    Peak Bone Mass

    The maximum bone density attained during life, usually achieved in young adulthood.

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    Osteoporosis

    A condition characterized by more bone loss than formation, leading to weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

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    Calcium Homeostasis

    The tight regulation of calcium levels in the blood, ensuring sufficient calcium for vital functions.

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    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    A hormone secreted when blood calcium levels decrease, stimulating calcium release from bones, increased absorption in the gut, and decreased excretion in the kidneys.

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    Calcitonin

    A hormone produced in response to high blood calcium levels, promoting bone formation and decreasing calcium absorption in the gut.

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    Hemoglobin

    A protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from them.

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    Myoglobin

    A protein in muscle cells that stores oxygen for use during muscle contraction.

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    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    A condition caused by insufficient iron levels in the blood, leading to fewer and smaller red blood cells, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.

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    Iron Recycling

    The process of recovering iron from broken-down red blood cells and using it to create new red blood cells.

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    Heme Iron

    Iron found in animal-based foods, bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin, absorbed more easily than non-heme iron.

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    Study Notes

    Water and Minerals Unit 10

    • This unit covers nutritive values, functions, food sources, dietary requirements, absorption, deficiency consequences, water & electrolytes, and maintaining fluid balance of water and minerals.

    • The structure includes lecture content about an overview of minerals, calcium, iron, water and electrolyte balance, and independent study for review of specific tables. These tables detail other minerals; memorization of them is not required.

    • Micronutrients are nutrients needed in small amounts.

    • Minerals are elements needed to maintain structures and regulate chemical reactions & body processes.

    • Major minerals are required in the diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day, and are greater than 0.01% of body weight.

    • Minor minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than or equal to 100mg/day, and are less than or equal to 0.01% of body weight.

    • Electrolytes include sodium, potassium, and chloride. They are charged ions that conduct electrical current in the body, impacting electrical activity & fluid balance.

    • Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur, which are important for bone health, acid-base balance, ATP production, and amino acid components.

    • Trace minerals include iron, copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, and other trace minerals. These are critical for hemoglobin, protein synthesis, immunity, antioxidants, hormones, tooth enamel, and metabolic enzymes.

    • Mineral functions include contributing to body structures, regulating body processes, water balance, and energy metabolism.

    • Minerlas influence growth, development, and act as cofactors for enzyme activity.

    Mineral Functions in the Body

    • Food sources of minerals vary depending on the type of mineral.
    • Sodium, potassium, and chloride regulate fluid balance.
    • Iron, copper, calcium, zinc, selenium, and magnesium are crucial for blood health and a robust immune system.
    • Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride are vital for healthy bones and teeth.

    Mineral Absorption

    • Mineral absorption depends on factors such as the person's nutritional status, food consumed concurrently, and the nutrient's structure.
    • Bioavailability is the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient—animal sources are often better absorbed.
    • Phytates, oxalates, and fiber in plant foods can hinder mineral absorption, as seen with minerals like calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium.

    Minerals in Foods

    • Various foods contain specific minerals.
    • Vegetables and fruits, grains, milk, and meat/alternatives all offer different minerals.
    • Charts of what types of minerals are present and in what portions of various foods.

    Water & Electrolytes

    • Water comprises 2/3 of intracellular fluid (within cells) and 1/3 of extracellular fluid (outside cells).
    • Extracellular fluid includes blood, lymph, and digestive juices.
    • Water is also interstitial (between cells).
    • Water is vital for nutrient transport, chemical reactions, solvent, acid-base balance, lubricant/cushions around joints, shock absorption, temperature regulation, blood volume & blood pressure, and fecal matter softening.

    Electrolyte Balance

    • Sodium, potassium, and chloride are key electrolytes.
    • Deficiencies in these can cause acid-base imbalance, poor appetite, muscle cramps, constipation, irregular heartbeats, and potentially death.
    • Excess electrolytes can negatively impact the heart's function and cause acid-base imbalance

    Bones

    • Bones are primarily composed of protein matrix (mostly collagen)—a living tissue, hardened with minerals.
    • Key minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and fluoride.
    • Essential for growth, movement, maintaining bone density and participating in bone remodeling. Peak bone mass is usually achieved in young adulthood.

    Calcium

    • Calcium is the most abundant nutrient in the body, most stored in bones and teeth.
    • Essential functions include muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, acid-base balance, hormone secretion, regulation of enzymes, and maintaining blood pressure.
    • Calcium regulation involves hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (from the thyroid).

    Calcium Needs

    • Calcium needs differ depending on age and gender, particularly after menopause.

    Iron

    • Iron is crucial for blood (red blood cells and hemoglobin), myoglobin in muscles, ATP production, DNA synthesis, and immune function.
    • Iron losses occur through cell loss, blood loss, injury, trauma, blood donations, and menstrual loss.
    • Iron recycling involves the liver & bone marrow to reuse old iron from breaking down red blood cells. The cycle is involved in the reuse of iron to create new hemoglobin.
    • Bioavailability of iron from various sources (animal vs. plant) differs substantially due partially to differing absorption rates

    Iron Deficiency

    • Insufficient iron levels can lead to iron deficiency Anemia, characterized by insufficient hemoglobin in red blood cells, leading to fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rate.

    Iron Supplements

    • Iron supplements are sometimes necessary for treating Iron deficiency anemia though bioavailability differs and absorption can be problematic. Iron supplements can have unintended side effects (absorption issues and/or intestinal upsets).

    Water Balance

    • To maintain water balance, intake must equal output.
    • Intake includes consuming water, fluids, foods, and cellular respiration.
    • Output involves excreting water through urine, feces, sweat, and evaporation from skin and lungs.
    • Water loss depends on activity, temperature, and humidity.
    • Dehydration happens when water intake falls below expenditure.
    • Thirst is a signal to increase water intake.
    • Kidneys regulate this balance,
    • Hormones (ADH, angiotensin II, aldosterone) work with kidneys to control water reabsorption, influence thirst, and maintain electrolyte balance to maintain overall hydration.

    Risk of Dehydration

    • Mild symptoms of dehydration include thirst, dry lips and mouth, tiredness, dark smelling urine, headaches, dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, and irritability.
    • Severe dehydration can lead to cold hands and feet, rapid breathing, unconsciousness, blue lips and blotchy/dry skin, and lack of energy

    Overhydration

    • Water intoxication is rare but possible, especially from overconsumption of water due to a disorder in the body's ability to excrete water or when there is electrolyte unbalance (e.g., hyponatremia).
    • Symptoms include abnormal fluid accumulation in body tissues like swelling, potentially leading to death.

    Water Intake Recommendations

    • Water recommendations vary based on age, activity levels, and illnesses

    Bottled Water vs Tap Water

    • Differences include labels of bottled water sources (which potentially come from tap water) and costs (including environmental impacts associated with bottled water vs. tap water)

    DRI for Iron and Dietary Sources

    • Dietary Recommendations for iron, and information and specific examples that illustrate the impact of factors such as age group and intake on absorption rates of iron.

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    Unit 10 Water and Minerals PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions and dietary requirements of water and minerals in Unit 10. This quiz delves into topics such as micronutrients, major and minor minerals, and their role in maintaining fluid balance. Understand the importance of electrolytes and their food sources through key concepts and tables.

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