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Questions and Answers
What is one of the chief functions of sodium in the body?
What is one of the chief functions of sodium in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a significant source of potassium?
Which of the following is NOT a significant source of potassium?
What is a deficiency symptom of calcium?
What is a deficiency symptom of calcium?
Which mineral plays a critical role in the mineralization of bones and teeth?
Which mineral plays a critical role in the mineralization of bones and teeth?
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What is a common toxicity symptom of sodium?
What is a common toxicity symptom of sodium?
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What is the AI for calcium for adults aged 19-50 years?
What is the AI for calcium for adults aged 19-50 years?
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Which of the following best describes magnesium’s role in the body?
Which of the following best describes magnesium’s role in the body?
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What can excessive potassium lead to if administered intravenously?
What can excessive potassium lead to if administered intravenously?
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What is one primary function of water in the body?
What is one primary function of water in the body?
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Which mineral does NOT typically cause deficiency symptoms in a normal diet?
Which mineral does NOT typically cause deficiency symptoms in a normal diet?
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What can result from magnesium deficiency in extreme cases?
What can result from magnesium deficiency in extreme cases?
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How much water is typically recommended for adults per kcal expended?
How much water is typically recommended for adults per kcal expended?
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What drives the movement of water across the cell membrane?
What drives the movement of water across the cell membrane?
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Which ions are primarily found inside the cell?
Which ions are primarily found inside the cell?
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What substance acts as the first line of defense in acid-base balance?
What substance acts as the first line of defense in acid-base balance?
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What role do proteins play in fluid balance?
What role do proteins play in fluid balance?
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What hormone is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance in the kidneys?
What hormone is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance in the kidneys?
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What happens to water molecules during the dissociation of salt in water?
What happens to water molecules during the dissociation of salt in water?
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What is osmotic pressure?
What is osmotic pressure?
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Which minerals are typically found in the digestive juices of the GI tract?
Which minerals are typically found in the digestive juices of the GI tract?
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What is a primary health concern associated with excessive sodium intake?
What is a primary health concern associated with excessive sodium intake?
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Which mineral is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
Which mineral is primarily responsible for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
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What could be a consequence of potassium deficiency?
What could be a consequence of potassium deficiency?
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Which of the following is considered a significant source of magnesium?
Which of the following is considered a significant source of magnesium?
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Which mineral does not typically show deficiency symptoms?
Which mineral does not typically show deficiency symptoms?
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What is a major function of calcium in the body?
What is a major function of calcium in the body?
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Which of the following minerals is essential for proper nerve functioning?
Which of the following minerals is essential for proper nerve functioning?
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In terms of daily intake, what is the Adequate Intake (AI) for adult potassium?
In terms of daily intake, what is the Adequate Intake (AI) for adult potassium?
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Which of these is a known toxicity symptom of magnesium?
Which of these is a known toxicity symptom of magnesium?
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What role does chloride play in the digestive system?
What role does chloride play in the digestive system?
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What is the primary reason water follows electrolytes across cell membranes?
What is the primary reason water follows electrolytes across cell membranes?
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Which electrolytes are primarily located outside the cell membrane?
Which electrolytes are primarily located outside the cell membrane?
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What role do buffers play in the body's acid-base balance?
What role do buffers play in the body's acid-base balance?
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How do kidneys contribute to maintaining electrolyte balance?
How do kidneys contribute to maintaining electrolyte balance?
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What happens to the movement of water when electrolytes move into the cell?
What happens to the movement of water when electrolytes move into the cell?
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What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump in fluid balance?
What is the significance of the sodium-potassium pump in fluid balance?
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What is the term for the pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?
What is the term for the pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
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What is the recommended water intake for infants based on caloric expenditure?
What is the recommended water intake for infants based on caloric expenditure?
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How do proteins contribute to fluid balance in the body?
How do proteins contribute to fluid balance in the body?
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Study Notes
Water and Major Minerals
-
Water Functions:
- Transport of molecules
- Structural support for molecules
- Participation in metabolic reactions
- Solvent (dissolving substances)
- Lubricant
- Body temperature regulation
- Maintaining blood volume
-
Water Recommendations:
- Adults: 1.0 to 1.5 mL/kcal expended
- Infants: 1.5 mL/kcal expended
- Equivalent to 1/2 cup per 100 kcal expended
-
Water Sources:
- Liquids: 550-1500 mL
- Foods: 700-1000 mL
- Metabolic water: 200-300 mL
-
Water Losses:
- Kidneys (urine): 500-1400 mL
- Skin (sweat): 450-900 mL
- Lungs (breath): 350 mL
- GI tract (feces): 150 mL
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Dissociation of Salts:
- Salts in water dissociate into positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions).
- These ions carry electrical current, making them electrolytes.
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Electrolytes Attract Water:
- Water molecules are polar (O⁻, H⁺).
- This polarity attracts and dissolves salts enabling the body to move fluids.
-
Electrolyte Balance:
- Positive and negative charges inside and outside cells must be balanced.
- Sodium and chloride are primarily outside cells.
- Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate are primarily inside cells.
- Water follows the movement of electrolytes across the cell membrane.
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Osmosis:
- Movement of water across a cell membrane toward the more concentrated solutes.
- Osmotic pressure is the force needed to prevent water movement.
Proteins Regulate Fluid/Ion Flow
- Proteins attract water and regulate fluid balance.
- Transport proteins regulate the passage of positive ions.
- Negative ions follow positive ions; water flows toward more concentrated solutions (e.g., Sodium-potassium pump).
- Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance:
- Digestive juices contain minerals which are reabsorbed.
- Kidneys maintain fluid balance using ADH.
- Kidneys maintain electrolyte balance using aldosterone.
Acid-Base Balance
-
Regulation by Buffers:
- First line of defense
- Buffers neutralize acids/bases.
- Carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and proteins protect against changes in acidity.
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Regulation by the Lungs:
- Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
- Respiration adjusts to maintain acid-base balance.
-
Regulation by the Kidneys:
- Selects which ions to retain and excrete.
- Urine acidity fluctuates to maintain acid-base balance.
Minerals - An Overview
- Inorganic elements: Essential for health and function.
- Variable bioavailability: Absorption varies depending on factors (e.g., binders, phytates, oxalates).
- Body's handling of minerals: Absorption, distribution, and use within the body.
- Nutrient interactions: Minerals interact with other nutrients affecting their uptake.
- Major Minerals: Present in amounts larger than 5 g. Example: Calcium, Phosphorus.
- Trace Minerals: Present in smaller amounts. Example: Zinc, Copper.
Specific Mineral Examples
-
Sodium (Na+):
- RDA: 1500 mg/day (19-50 years old)
- Function: Fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction.
- Deficiency symptoms: Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite.
- Toxicity symptoms: Edema, acute hypertension.
- Sources: Table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, breads, vegetables, processed foods.
-
Chloride (Cl-):
- RDA: 2300 mg/day (19-50 years old)
- Function: Fluid balance, part of hydrochloric acid in stomach.
- Deficiency: Not common in normal circumstances.
- Toxicity: Vomiting.
- Sources: Table salt, soy sauce, meats, milks, eggs, processed foods.
-
Potassium (K+):
- RDA: 2400 mg/day (adult)
- Function: Fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contractions, many reactions, supports cell integrity.
- Deficiency: Muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion.
- Toxicity: Muscle weakness, Vomiting.
- Sources: All whole foods (especially meats, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes)
-
Calcium (Ca2+):
- RDA: 1000 mg/day (19-50 years old)
- Function: Bone and teeth mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, blood pressure.
- Deficiency: Stunted growth in children, bone loss (osteoporosis).
- Toxicity: Constipation, risk of urinary stones, interference with other mineral absorption.
- Sources: Milk, milk products, small fish (with bones), green leafy vegetables, legumes.
-
Phosphorus (P):
- RDA: 700 mg/day
- Function: Bone and tooth mineralization, Part of every cell, important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, energy transfer, acid-base balance.
- Deficiency: Less common
- Toxicity: calcification of nonskeletal tissues.
- Sources: All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)
-
Magnesium (Mg2+):
- RDA: Men (19-30): 400 mg/day; Women (19-30): 310 mg/day
- Function: Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, muscle/nerve function, immune system.
- Deficiency: weakness, confusion, severe symptoms.
- Toxicity: diarrhea, alkalosis.
- Sources: Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, cocoa, etc.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential functions of water, its recommendations for different age groups, sources, and losses. Additionally, explore the role of electrolytes in fluid balance and their importance in maintaining health.
