Washington Navel Orange Management Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the nutritional value of oranges?

Oranges are rich in vitamin C, dietary fiber, and antioxidants.

Why was the Washington Navel variety chosen for the school orchard?

The Washington Navel variety was chosen for its sweetness, quality, and suitability to the climate.

Name two symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in orange trees.

Symptoms include yellowing leaves and poor fruit development.

Outline the lifecycle stages of a major pest that affects orange trees.

The lifecycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. Signup and view all the answers

What are two sustainable management practices used in the JRAHS orchard?

Two sustainable practices are integrated pest management and organic fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

How is technology applied to post-harvest treatment of oranges?

Technology is used for sorting, washing, and packaging oranges to ensure quality. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the markets the Washington Navel enterprise targets.

The enterprise targets local markets, supermarkets, and export markets. Signup and view all the answers

What historical significance led to the naming of the Washington Navel orange?

It was named after a cutting sent to Washington, D.C. from Brazil in the 1870s. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons for using Angus and Hereford breeds in commercial beef production?

Angus and Hereford are favored for their good marbling qualities, fertility, and ability to produce high-quality beef efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

How do British cattle differ from European cattle in terms of growth and feed requirements?

British cattle are early maturing and require less feed, whereas European cattle are late maturing and require more feed due to their larger muscle development. Signup and view all the answers

What advantages do Bos indicus breeds, like Brahman, offer in harsh environments?

Bos indicus breeds have higher survivability, adaptation to poorer environments, and greater resistance to parasites, making them suitable for challenging climates. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the purpose of composite breeds in cattle production.

Composite breeds are created by crossing two or more breeds to combine desirable traits, such as growth rate and adaptability. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of British cattle that make them suitable for marbling?

British cattle are known for their good fertility, maternal traits, and the ability to produce beef with high marbling quality, especially valued in specific markets. Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of local pasture weeds?

Fireweed and Scotch thistle. Signup and view all the answers

Which pasture species are typically grown in summer versus winter?

Summer pastures grow clover and kikuyu, while winter pastures include rye and oats. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of rotational grazing?

It avoids overgrazing and helps control pest buildup. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main disadvantage of zero grazing systems.

It eliminates selective grazing and incurs costs for machinery and infrastructure. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of legumes and grasses should a pasture ideally contain?

A pasture should have 40% legumes and 60% grasses. Signup and view all the answers

List three factors to consider when selecting pasture species.

Palatability, drought resistance, and quick regeneration after grazing. Signup and view all the answers

What is one establishment technique for pasture?

Direct drilling or broadcasting seed. Signup and view all the answers

What role do legumes play in pastures concerning soil health?

Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria to build nitrogen levels in the soil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of castration in calves during their first week of life?

Castration is performed to manage reproductive behaviors and improve meat quality in male calves. Signup and view all the answers

How does the timing of calving benefit pasture growth?

Calving during term time in spring/summer aligns with the peak growth periods of kikuyu and clover pastures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended vaccination schedule for calves?

Calves receive a 5-in-1 vaccine at 4-6 weeks, a second vaccination 4-6 weeks later, and a yearly booster for adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to control buffalo fly during summer months?

A backline pour-on insecticide treatment is used to protect cattle from buffalo flies for 21 days. Signup and view all the answers

How does rotational grazing contribute to sustainable cattle management?

Rotational grazing helps to prevent overgrazing and promotes healthier pastures, leading to better soil health. Signup and view all the answers

What are two advantages of using pour on drench liquid compared to the arsenic/DDT dip?

Less stress on animals and reduced environmental impact. Signup and view all the answers

Name one short-term effect and one long-term effect of the pour on drench liquid.

Short-term: Effective parasite control. Long-term: Resistance buildup to the active ingredient. Signup and view all the answers

Describe one method for disbudding young animals.

Scoop out the horn bud along with 1cm of surrounding skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of both the arsenic/DDT dip and the pour on drench liquid?

Both methods can lead to resistance in parasites. Signup and view all the answers

How does dehorning contribute to both animal safety and farmer safety?

Dehorning reduces animal aggression and prevents damage to fencing. Signup and view all the answers

List one positive long-term effect of dehorning on livestock management.

Easier transport of livestock. Signup and view all the answers

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and why is it a sustainable approach?

IPM is a strategy that combines different methods to control pests sustainably; it reduces reliance on chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

Provide one reason why good animal welfare practices, such as minimizing stress during treatments, are essential in livestock management.

Good welfare ensures better health and productivity of the animals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Washington Navel Orange Variety

The Washington Navel variety was selected for the school orchard because of its unique origin in 1820 Brazil, where a mutation on a sweet orange tree created a fruit with a depression resembling a human belly button, thus its name "navel orange"
This mutation created a seedless fruit, eliminating the need for seed extraction, simplifying post-harvest operations
Washington Navel oranges are grown in a variety of climates, and are known for their ability to grow well in hot climates and poor soils

Management

A specific calendar of events must be followed for successful orange management in the orchard
Events include: fertilizer application, pest prevention, disease prevention, pruning, harvest, irrigation

Pest and Diseases

A major disease threatening citrus orchards in the Washington Navel enterprise is citrus greening (HLB), also known as yellow dragon disease, a bacterial infection that attacks the phloem cells of the tree, causing stunted growth, leaf yellowing, and fruit disfigurement
HLb does not kill the tree outright but compromises its ability to produce fruit
Management of the HLB disease in a commercial setting relies on identifying and removing infected trees, and preventing the spread of the bacteria by implementing proper sanitation procedures
A major pest for Washington Navel orange trees is the citrus leafminer, a small insect that lays its eggs inside the leaves, leading to discolored or yellow leaves and causing stunted growth
Management of leafminer pests in citrus orchards involves using biological control methods, such as introducing natural predators, or deploying chemical insecticides as a last resort to limit the damage caused by the pests

Sustainability

Two sustainable management practices used in the school orchard are drip irrigation and integrated pest management (IPM)
Drip irrigation avoids water waste by providing water directly to the tree roots, reducing water evaporation from the soil and contributing to water conservation
IPM involves monitoring pest levels and utilizing a combination of control methods that prioritize non-chemical interventions, like organic or biological methods, to reduce environmental impact

Post-harvest Treatment

Technology is utilized in post-harvesting treatments, with sorting and packaging being automated to reduce human handling
Oranges are graded and packaged in various sizes and grades depending on their quality and intended market
Treatment includes washing, waxing, and color sorting.

Beef Cattle Breeds

British breeds, like Angus and Hereford, are known for early maturity, good fertility, and strong maternal traits
European breeds, like Simmental and Limousin, are characterized by late maturity, high muscle content, and require more feed
Bos indicus breeds, such as Brahman, are well adapted to warmer climates and have a higher tolerance to parasites and disease
Composite breeds are a combination of two or more breeds, bringing together desirable traits from different breeds
Crossbreeding can enhance cattle characteristics, such as faster growth and higher yields, by combining the strengths of various breeds

Pasture Management

Pasture growth is closely related to the local climate
Common pasture weeds include fireweed and scotch thistle
Summer growing pastures include clover and kikuyu, while winter growing pastures consist of rye and oats

Grazing Systems

Rotational grazing involves moving livestock from one paddock to another, preventing overgrazing, minimizing pest buildup, and reducing nutrient movement
Strip grazing involves moving livestock to a specific strip of pasture, ensuring uniform usage, minimizing nutrient movement, but requiring labor for management and relying on water availability within each section
Zero grazing entails cutting pasture and feeding animals in a sheltered environment, reducing pasture damage, but requiring machinery, labor, and waste management

Pasture Species Selection

Pasture species must meet several criteria: year-round food supply, palatability, drought resistance, suculence, soil protection, rapid regeneration, persistence, weed control, and low toxicity to stock

Establishment Techniques

Seedbed preparation, direct drilling, sodseeding, broadcasting, and aerial sowing are used for establishing pastures

Angus Stud Herd Management

Joining (mating) of cattle is timed to coincide with the school term and maximize pasture availability during the spring and summer months
Castration of calves occurs in the first week of life, utilizing elastrator rings and applying Ruse and NLIS ear tags
Vaccination is administered at specific ages and involves a yearly booster during calf vaccination
Weaning occurs at 6 months of age
Lice treatment with lousicide is applied in winter
Buffalo fly control is managed through backline pour-on insecticides, tea tree backrubs, paddock rotation, and fly traps

Past and Present Management

Past practice relied on arsenic/DDT dips for parasite control, which was effective but caused animal stress, environmental contamination, and health complications, contributing to resistance development
Present practice utilizes pour-on drenches, which are more effective, less stressful, have less environmental impact, and require more labor
This change shows the shift towards more sustainable parasite management
Integrated pest management (IPM) involves a holistic approach to pest management, incorporating breeding programs for tick resistance utilizing Bos indicus genetics

Dehorning

Dehorning is the removal of horns from young animals
Dehorning reduces aggression and creates a safer environment for both humans and animals when handling and transporting cattle
Dehorning methods include:
- Disbudding: removing horn buds with skin surrounding it
- Knife method: removing horns by cutting, which can lead to bleeding and infection

Animal Welfare

Dehorning has both short-term and long-term effects
Short-term effects can include pain, bleeding, and possible infection
Long-term effects can include safety benefits for farmers and animals, easier transportation, and prevention of meat bruising

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Washington Navel orange variety, its unique origin, and management practices essential for successful cultivation. This quiz covers crucial topics like pest and disease prevention, as well as the calendar of events necessary for orchard maintenance.