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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of anatomy?
What is the definition of anatomy?
Which anatomical position has the palms facing anteriorly?
Which anatomical position has the palms facing anteriorly?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
What does the term 'proximal' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does the term 'proximal' refer to in anatomical terms?
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In anatomical terminology, which of the following is the opposite of medial?
In anatomical terminology, which of the following is the opposite of medial?
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What does the term 'superficial' mean in anatomy?
What does the term 'superficial' mean in anatomy?
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What anatomical term describes a position farther away from the head?
What anatomical term describes a position farther away from the head?
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Which anatomical term is used for the body's position when lying on the back?
Which anatomical term is used for the body's position when lying on the back?
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What is the function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
What is the function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
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Which part of a long bone contains the marrow cavity?
Which part of a long bone contains the marrow cavity?
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What type of bone is exemplified by the patella?
What type of bone is exemplified by the patella?
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Which term refers to the thick outer layer of compact bone found in the diaphysis?
Which term refers to the thick outer layer of compact bone found in the diaphysis?
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What happens to the epiphyseal plate after a long bone completes its growth?
What happens to the epiphyseal plate after a long bone completes its growth?
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Which bone classification is characterized by being bony nodules embedded in tendons?
Which bone classification is characterized by being bony nodules embedded in tendons?
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What is the primary purpose of the periosteum?
What is the primary purpose of the periosteum?
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What distinguishes irregular bones from other types of bones?
What distinguishes irregular bones from other types of bones?
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What is the term used for bones that are shaped like a column and are longer in one dimension?
What is the term used for bones that are shaped like a column and are longer in one dimension?
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Which characteristic defines proximal regarding bone structure?
Which characteristic defines proximal regarding bone structure?
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Which classification of bones is based on their location in the body?
Which classification of bones is based on their location in the body?
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Which of the following is a function of bones?
Which of the following is a function of bones?
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What type of bone is primarily responsible for forming the cortical covering of all bones?
What type of bone is primarily responsible for forming the cortical covering of all bones?
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What is the primary purpose of osteology?
What is the primary purpose of osteology?
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Which term describes a bone that is situated towards the surface of the body?
Which term describes a bone that is situated towards the surface of the body?
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What type of developmental classification includes bones such as the mandible and clavicle?
What type of developmental classification includes bones such as the mandible and clavicle?
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Study Notes
Classification of Bones
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Morphological Classification: Focuses on the shape of the bone.
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Long bones:
- Have a shaft and two ends.
- The shaft is called the diaphysis and is composed of compact bone.
- The ends are called epiphyses and are composed of cancellous bone.
- The diaphysis is covered by a membrane called the periosteum.
- The diaphysis contains a marrow cavity filled with bone marrow.
- The metaphysis is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis, containing the epiphyseal plate or line which is responsible for bone growth.
- Short bones: Cube-shaped, providing stability and support (e.g., carpals and tarsals).
- Flat bones: Thin and curved, provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment (e.g., scapula, sternum, ribs).
- Irregular bones: Complex shapes, specialized functions (e.g., vertebrae, hip bone).
- Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones embedded in tendons, reduce friction and protect tendons (e.g., patella (kneecap)).
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Long bones:
Regional Classification
- Categorizes bones based on their location in the body.
- Axial skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs, forming the central axis of the body.
- Appendicular skeleton: Comprises the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Developmental Classification
- Classifies bones based on their developmental origin.
- Membranous bones: Formed directly from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) without a cartilage precursor (e.g., skull bones forming the vault).
- Cartilaginous bones: Develop initially as cartilage models that are later replaced by bone (e.g., bones of the limbs).
- Membrano-cartilaginous bones: Develop from both mesenchyme and cartilage (e.g., mandible, clavicle).
Structural Classification
- Differentiates bones based on their internal structure.
- Hard (Compact) bone: Forms the outer layer of all bones, providing strength and rigidity.
- Spongy (Cancellous) bone: Forms the inner layer of long bone ends and the interior of other bone types, providing lightness and shock absorption.
Functions of Bones
- Provide shape and support for the body.
- Protect vital organs.
- Serve as attachment sites for muscles, enabling movement.
- Store calcium and phosphorus.
- Produce blood cells (hematopoiesis) in the red bone marrow.
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