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Questions and Answers

What type of virtualization uses its own kernel for each instance?

  • Microservices
  • Containers
  • Shared resources
  • Virtual Machines (correct)

    • Which of the following is a primary characteristic of containers?

  • Requires a full OS installation
  • Heavy and less portable
  • Slower to start up
  • 1 app = 1 container (correct)

    • What is a significant advantage of containers compared to virtual machines?

  • More complex configurations
  • Faster startup and shutdown times (correct)
  • Independent operating systems for each container
  • Greater isolation from the host system

    • In which scenario are virtual machines typically preferred?

    <p>Testing isolated applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do containers and virtual machines have in common?

    <p>Both are forms of virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a container engine operate in comparison to a virtual machine?

    <p>It uses the host OS kernel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes containers more portable than virtual machines?

    <p>Reduced resource requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines cloud computing?

    <p>On-demand delivery of IT resources via the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes a use case for containers?

    <p>Web development and microservices architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hypervisors in virtualization?

    <p>To abstract physical resources into virtual ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes virtualization in computing?

    <p>It allows multiple systems and applications to run on a single machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cloud deployment is primarily controlled and maintained by the organization using it?

    <p>Private Cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of cloud computing over traditional computing?

    <p>The ability to rent computing services on-demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a traditional computing environment, what does the model typically resemble?

    <p>One server dedicated to a single application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of public cloud services?

    <p>They utilize the internet for service delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability to allocate resources across different segments in a virtualization context?

    <p>Partitionability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hybrid cloud combine?

    <p>Public and private cloud functionalities for flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of an IAM user in an AWS account?

    <p>An IAM user is an entity within the AWS account that can integrate with other services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly describes traditional computing models?

    <p>Dedicated servers typically running one or few applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a best practice regarding the usage of the AWS account root user?

    <p>Only use the root user for emergency purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does virtualization enable in terms of operating systems?

    <p>Digitized emulation of physical machines and OS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions can only be performed by the account root user?

    <p>Change the account support plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced by traditional computing compared to virtualization?

    <p>Difficulty in resource allocation and scaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about securing a new AWS account?

    <p>The root user is secure if monitored closely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to mitigate risks associated with a compromised IAM user?

    <p>Disable the compromised IAM user and revert to the root user if necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main benefit of using IAM roles over IAM users?

    <p>Roles provide temporary access and can change based on user needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective strategy to stop using the account root user?

    <p>Create an IAM user and group with full administrator permissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential attack vector against AWS account security?

    <p>Session hijacking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of security does the customer manage in an IaaS model?

    <p>User access and permission settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a PaaS environment, what does the customer not need to manage?

    <p>Server maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary responsibility of the cloud service provider in a cloud environment?

    <p>Managing hardware and software infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service requires customers to manage scripts while the server itself is not managed by them?

    <p>AWS Lambda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What responsibility is associated with Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) for the customer?

    <p>Encryption of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which service does the customer have the most control over configuration and security?

    <p>Amazon EC2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Software as a Service (SaaS)?

    <p>The service is centrally hosted by the cloud provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the customer’s responsibility in a SaaS model?

    <p>Handling user account management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in customer configuration lead to in terms of responsibility?

    <p>Increased accountability for data protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a customer’s responsibility in a PaaS environment?

    <p>Application performance monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to improve the availability of applications running on AWS?

    <p>Configuring backup and failover scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Amazon CloudFront?

    <p>A global network of edge locations and Regional edge caches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do health checks serve in an AWS application?

    <p>To ensure that applications are running properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which storage type is best suited for long-term archival in AWS?

    <p>Amazon S3 Glacier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of multivalue answer routing in DNS?

    <p>It incorporates up to eight healthy records selected at random</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS) from other storage types?

    <p>EBS data is automatically replicated within its Availability Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of a Content Delivery Network (CDN) helps reduce latency?

    <p>Caching copies of commonly requested files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does snapshot functionality in Amazon EBS allow users to do?

    <p>Backup EBS volumes at scheduled intervals for a fee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cloud computing?

    <p>Offers a pay-as-you-go pricing model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using public cloud services?

    <p>Access to economies of scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of a hybrid cloud model?

    <p>May waste some resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a private cloud typically compare to a public cloud in terms of CAPEX and OPEX?

    <p>High CAPEX, low OPEX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes a key feature of traditional IT compared to AWS?

    <p>Requires continual investment in physical hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of 'pay as you go' cloud billing?

    <p>Allows payment only for consumed resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the 'full market share' characteristic associated with a cloud deployment model?

    <p>Access to global customer base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of resource management, what benefit do cloud users gain from 'stopping guessing capacity'?

    <p>Reduced risk of over-provisioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Traditional Virtualization

    • Computer with physical hardware
    • Same as virtualization and cloud
    • Physical + Operating System + Applications
    • Local environment
    • On-premise data center (e.g., office)
    • Physical deployment or server
    • Dedicated physical machine

    Virtualization

    • Software versions of hardware and Operating System
    • Digitize from physical
    • Emulation of physical machines and Operating Systems
    • Allows multiple computers and/or Operating Systems on a single host machine (hardware and software)
    • Partitionability - allows multiple functionalities, able to distribute resources on different segments in your computer
    • Virtual equivalent of computing resources (CPU memory, storage, network (I/O))
    • Network: input and output data
    • Multiple systems and apps running on a single machine (software level)

    Cloud

    • Private, Public, and Hybrid Cloud
    • Usage of virtualization
    • Most often used for multiple servers (virtual and physical)
    • Delivery of computing resources through the network
    • Public cloud utilizes the internet, on-demand
    • Rental
    • Private cloud is essentially local deployment (no internet)
    • You just need a network connection; passes through the network
    • You own the services
    • Hybrid: uses centralization or decentralization resource and access via the network
    • Can be applicable for public cloud with regions for global reach

    Traditional vs. Virtualization

    • Traditional requires multiple physical machines for numerous applications
    • Virtualization allows multiple VMs on a single physical machine
    • Higher resource utilization: 60% utilization with virtualization vs. 30% in traditional
    • Hypervisor is the key technology for virtualization allowing different OS and applications on a single machine

    Types of Virtualization

    • Server Virtualization: enabling multiple OS to run on one physical server
    • Network Virtualization: virtualizing the network instead of the server
    • Desktop Virtualization: desktops as managed services, quickly responding to work needs
    • Allows for easier deployment, copying of files etc
    • More secure
    • Cost savings on hardware
    • Improved portability
    • Improved Manageability
    • Improved Scalability and flexibility
    • Easier deployment

    Types of Hypervisors

    • Type 1 (Bare-metal): lightweight OS directly on the host machine
    • Type 2 (Hosted): runs as a software on an OS (ex: VMware player, virtual box)

    Virtual Machines

    • Also known as a virtual machine or VM
    • Is a software container with an operating system and application inside
    • One is not dependent on another
    • Servers can have various uses

    Virtualization and Hypervisors

    • Virtualization works because of Hypervisors
    • Virtualization works by abstracting physical hardware and devices from applications
    • Hypervisors translate requests between physical and virtual resources
    • Technology
    • On-demand delivery of IT resources via the network

    Storage Virtualization

    • Combines physical storage devices (NAS and SAN)
    • Pools physical storage devices (HDD, SSD, Flash Drive)
    • Enables reallocation of storage
    • Streamlines storage activities (archiving, backup, recovery)

    Data Virtualization

    • Layer between data and applications
    • Combines and organizes many data sources
    • Collects data from multiple sources, different formats, and various locations
    • Data virtualization tools process application data requests - returns results in a suitable format

    Application Virtualization

    • Extracts application functions to operate independently of the operating system
    • Business intelligent functions can be run immediately

    Types of Cloud Computing

    • IaaS (Infrastructure as a service): Full control over IT resource

    • PaaS (Platform as a service): More control over resources

    • SaaS (Software as a service): Less control over resource

    Cloud Computing Deployment Models

    • Cloud: A full or public cloud
    • Pertains to factors like rental, global reach, capability (region or country cloud deployment)
    • Pay as you go
    • Private Cloud: traditional virtualization
    • Hardware infrastructure virtualized
    • High CAPEX, low OPEX
    • Partial market
    • Hybrid: mix of on-premise and cloud

    Total Cost Ownership

    • Is the financial estimate to identify both direct (buying) and indirect costs
    • Why use TCO? To compare the costs of running an entire infrastructure

    Cloud Security

    • Each particular entity has its own responsibility
    • Customer Responsible for data
    • AWS Responsible for the cloud infrastructure

    VPC Technologies

    • VPC: logically isolated section of the cloud

    • Subnets: range of IP assigned and classified (private or public)

    • Security groups: instance level firewall & stateful (return traffic)

    • Network ACLS: network firewall

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