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• These notes cover environmental history, COVID-19, zoonotic diseases, markets, capitalism, evolution, nature, philosophies, wildfires, Native American landscapes, salmon fishing, environmental changes, disease outbreaks, colonialism, and American history.

Environmental History

• It explores the relationship between humans and the environment through time.

COVID-19

• Pangolins, heavily trafficked mammals, brought a virus through the meat market.
• Viruses need a host to survive and ideally won't harm or kill the host.
• Species barriers can be dangerous when crossed.
• Example: Bats to pangolins to humans.
• COVID-19 had a significant economic and public health impact on the global community.
• Other examples of diseases: Ebola, HIV/AIDS, Bird Flu.
• Animals can transmit pathogens to people - pathogenic Exchange
• Important to understand the origins of the virus, and what kind of pets people have

Markets and Capitalism:

• These involve connections and interactions between people and sales.
• Sales can be close (in person) or far (online).
• Markets can contribute to the spread of disease.
• Specialty goods or exotic foods signify social status
• Example: High-end restaurants, luxury cars,

Evolution over Time

• Western thought tends to view evolution as "newer.

Nature vs. People

• A key question is "How natural are we?"
• Consider the naturalness of a chair versus an oak tree.
• Going to nature is going to where?

Clockwork Universe and Idea of Spheres

• This concept describes everything in place, moving perfectly as a machine, Newton & Descartes

Static Catalog

• A complete and unchanging list of all species is called a static catalog.
• This raises questions about spiritual beings.

Instrumentalism

• Creating nature from a machine to solve problems is instrumentalism.

Charles Darwin

• Origin of species
• Darwin challenged the idea that people are separate from nature.
• He proposed that nature is changing and evolving.

Social Darwinism

• In social darwinism, people at the top are portrayed as having more money.
• This idea supports the distribution of resources to "better", wealthy, and powerful members of society.

Wildfires

• January 9, some notes discuss wildfires

Wildfires:

• Burned grass grows out straight, which is useful for weaving baskets.
• Fire is essential for Native Americans
• Some ecosystems are fire-dependent, while others are fire-adaptive.
• Fire is part of the cycle of growth and rejuvenation.
• Fires are sometimes used to point blame politically.
• Robinson Jeffers quote: "Beautiful country, burn again."
• The California-Mediterranean climate is hot and dry leads to cold and wet.
• The North Pacific High influences weather patterns.
• Plants require fire during the long, dry summers

Winds:

• Diablo and Santa Ana winds originate from the shore and reduce humidity.
• Pressure warms up the winds.
• Diablo Range winds carry fire.
• Decisions made by people contribute to California fires.
• People moved from San Francisco into Oakland hills after an earthquake.
• New kinds of trees were planted, not from the US Eukalyptus trom Australia
• There Millions of Eucalyptus trees were to build houses, to use for lumber
• Reactive to fire, and burn easily.
• Oakland Hills Fire: Windstorms can cause many hundreds of fires and spread the fire easily so it's harder to put out.
• 50% of the firefighting budget is spent in Socal.
• Chaparral is a variety of plants with thick leaves & barks (brush on hills)
• Chamise has thick roots, prevents soil erosion, produce highly flammable oil
• Chaparral & Chamise most of Socal Fires today
• Santa Ana winds are strong, nearly impossible to get in front of.
• The primary cause of fires: People.
• Population increases bring more fires, wires, and cigarettes.

Human Landscapes of Native America

• Discussed on January 14

Pocahontas

• Pocahontas can be seen as an environmentalist who is noble, or wasteful.

Coyote

• The coyote serves as a lesson in how not to behave: greed, lust, deviant but often creates something.
• Seasons as example

Forest of Eyes

• Believing that everything has a spirit.
• Always watching, highly localized leads to a 100% relationship to land
• Relationships with the land

Salmon Fishing

• Collect fish-only allowed for a few days/weeks not to anger others
• Use rivers, weirs/platforms
• 100 million fish per run, 2x runs annually.
• Good relationship with spirit means you get salmon
• A bad relationship means illness, no food.
• Dams in rivers reduce salmon population.

Natural Goods:

• All natural goods had relationships with the land.
• This includes spiritual practices
• asking tree to take bark, only stripping one half of the tree

Land Inhabited

• Inhabited for long periods of time makes for a more diverse living

Hunting and Gathering

• More value with hunting and gathering.
• Less taxing on people
• Domesticators / tenders of the wild
• Sedentary is a good way to die

Basketry

• Burning, firing the underbrush stimulates growth.
• Open park like appearance
• Fire kills pests (weevils)
• Burning shoots out new growth all straight good for weaving

Cupricing

• Selective pruning
• Hunting/Gathering ≠ Agriculture
• because they did not actually plant feeds
• Hunting moose, caribou
• decoys, antler noises, showshoes important developments improve hunting success.
• luck in hunting comes from spirits its
• The population can only grow as much as food system will feed at
• Liebig's law
• Its self people/ Animals born with it
• Transference
• Maize-from mexico and taken north
• cross breeding plant larger kernels maize known today would not exist without people
• 3 Sisters-maize, beans, squash symbiotic relationships.

Conclusions:

• Native understanding of Nature as sino N not separate from people
• Native people shaped land in many way
• Virgin land western Myth Untouched
• Environment - in Western thinking something that surroundings.
• Yersinia pestis-bacillus that causes black plague
• trans: rats & flea bites
• Mongol Empire:
• Travelers cover lots of Land
• Human web that connected parts that have not been connected before
• Huremen brought bacillus back to the homeland would die off Ifdiant finaison quy! a better host

Disease Outbreaks

• Grassland rodents burrows underground
• Black rat spread plague deadly to rats.
• Endemic to CA NOW: Squirrels
• Catha bay & Freodesyia - first outbreak
• 30-90% of those who had it died ↳ once you got it immune later on
• Ships arrived needed to stand off to control spread
• first Idea of Quarantine (1340s)
• Withdrew from Europe as an Epidemic after the great plague of London (lleee)
• shortage of wood replaced with tile
• lulule Fire burned down reblace with stone rats wed to live in thatched roots
• no rats in house - No plague

Flagellants

• public beatings / whippings Christian religions movements
• Antisemitism increased Effects of Black death in Europe

1. pup. decline of farm abandonment:
2. Change in class structure w/ rising
3. Wage rates & urbanization
4. Wealthy owners claimed abandoned Land
5. Expansion of Sheep farming & woo

Thedalism

• What does black death teach us?

1. Human migration accompanied by other creatures
2. Humans often share diseases with Animals diseases tend to be endemic to somenining./ areasfully absent in others
3. Transportation trade corridors often runtes of infection
4. Late Middle ager was period of increasing
5. contact between Enropeans and rest of world diseases are more historical than genetics"

• Migration
• Lang bridge: possibly lived on bridge
• Kelp highway: Pacific coastline Sank beneath the waves Virgin fuil epidemic organism introduced or reintroanced to a poulation which has no immunities to then
• Pau d' Arco kayapo tribe that ceased to exist.

Complicating Factors:.

• pathogens sometimes compound effects of one another, multible disease striking at once AICAN Highway during ww2
• Slavery aggrivated disease effects que to large pupulation and Welfare smallpox spread required warfare, starvation.
• Hispaniola Population 1492-200,000-300,000 hot disease for decline:4 NNY 1508- 60,000 Slavery, overworkY 1514-26,000 famine & Warnin dey 1517- 11,000 : 1518-3,000 only 1,000 after 1 yr of small Pox
• Did Europeans & Enro Americans attempts to spread small box intentionally?
• Colonists Scared of Smallpox themselves, children less often exposed than Europeans

Colonization and Disease

• Colonists were scared of smallpox, children were often less exposed than Europeans.
• Biological warfare -
• Settlers occasionally tried but failed to stop outbreaks.
• Settlers benefitted by taking Indian land.
• Questions:
• Nomadic people lands expand dramatically -Is Alfred crosby correct? -Precontact population went from 5-10 million to 250,000 in 1890. -To determine who determines history determine biological determinism

Malaria

• Protozoan: mosquitoes to people Lives in organs comes back years later Yellow Fever-
• Another deadly disease in the south african americans had higher survival Political issue race as a cultural construct with an environmetal purpose Force for work immunity to malanio Political issue: black body

Conclusions

• Diseas not cave distriation Is bilogical advangage always Political advantage indian
• Euro Americans Population threatend disease & yellow disease are not a cause, are a cultural construct

Complexities of Co-Invasion

• History as biology-working out of darwinian process (Natural selection)
• biological determinism

2. livestock as toal for expanding.Settler economien NY Mint INORLAN NIW YON
3. Livestoal was biggest source of conflict between Natives & Americansyw.Suwon Next hoped gifting Livestock might make indians more like european's s. VINELENTilidom
4. Natives adopted livestock in thein : INSPI own way and they refwed en.way.

Chesapeake Bay

• Tobacco farming need workers for plantationision milpore priANDHYAY YOT 210OS

• People Not rich-gamblers from england Nort needed money - trade overseas LINNINN YIVO PIANOS

• Colonist brought livestock & markers which helps with move livestock Hogs- ear marks would destroy things

• English laeal. fixed, perminant home with adjacent farm, pustures, the burns All economic activity revolves around approved by Church Mobility english ways

• Northern Englad & Indian

• Natives began to treat like british did'

• Native became more organized to create new system

• Native began to livestock did not treat how english had hoped

Some Indians Took To Raising Pigs:

• Wampanogs, Mohegans, montanks in NE Powhatans, Weapocks in ches laws dont apply because native didnt respect it/
• replaced beaver replaced natives
• to recognize natives for property

•  Natives & Phillips War-killed colonies
  

Animals & American History

• Horses are used for various things.
• broken horse legs would be fixed
• easy to use

Jan 23- worklogat for women increased when women went out of the hunt bison

• competition for grass with bison
• limited bison haras million wild horses were native americans sucess with ships

American History

• Europeans are to make big
• Domistic animals

Domesticated Animals

• 148 herbivores 74 have been domesticaded

-4 of top herbs diet: must turned high proption of food to fresh

• Euracia has high diversity
• Hurricane Katrina = powerless of The White House
• racial economic innustice
• Modern citis are sucessful environmetal Refirms.
• Anuary 28-
• cities centers flux/ wind cities etc
• Milling techology New England textiles

January 28:

• Morning Bell - ives & 13 a new idea
• Colt's in steam ingines & city - people put waste in cities
• new ways of treatment & care
• slavery - scoop marua & dump i rivers &
• cities were often a place of disease
• housed/

1833-184le.

• John saw a chart & cholera
• clorhing was Edward. Jeher made Small Box 1 year earlier

Other Major Events in January

• Barrels of water brought mosauitos/ theich
• walter-reit-windows protected screens Cities-clean organic wars was & destroyed Citycodeo volunteer steam angines insurancd; Janoary 30-
• THunen solated - Chart
• Conservation.
• Example -
• Buffer-
• Eunacia.
• 1808

MainCasualitis: 1 Wild Horses Competition 2 Buffalo Courts 1 882-3596

• Summary Peope, rise, wiled cattle

AUTUMN. DUDES

• in7onuesare Rairoad. Made protit& Lilled 1.

By/885 Baisenger Pigonsd. Drake -Hotel-Chicado. Thereare Show off the hunting