HIS 172 Notes PDF: Environmental History, COVID-19 & Native America

Here's the conversion of the provided images into a structured markdown format. ### January 7 What is Environmental History? **COVID 19:** - Pangolin- heavily trafficked mammal - brought virus thru meat market - Virus needs host to survive - won't harm to kill host - Species barrier →...

Here's the conversion of the provided images into a structured markdown format. ### January 7 What is Environmental History? **COVID 19:** - Pangolin- heavily trafficked mammal - brought virus thru meat market - Virus needs host to survive - won't harm to kill host - Species barrier → danger if crossed - Bats → Pangolin → humans **Zoonotic Disease:** Virus in people that came from animals - Often mutations - once mutated can't go back - Safely to original host - COVID had greatest Economic & Public health effects on World - Other Ex: Ebola, HIV/AIDS, Bird flu - Animals→ people: pathogenic Exch. - How did it Start? = "What kind of pets do people have?" --- ### Markets & Capitalism: - connections/interactions between people and sales - Close (in person) OR Far (online) - Spread of disease - Specialty goods or exotic foods→ new social status - high end restaurants, Luxury cars, ### Evolution over time: -Western thought it was "newer" ### Nature vs. people - "How natural are we" **Example:** chair vs. Oak tree - Which is more Natural? - going to Nature is Where ### Clockwork Universe & Idea of spheres - everything in place moving perfectly as a machine. Newton & Descartes --- - Static catalog- complete & Unchanging List of all species - What happens to spiritual beings? **Instrumentalism:** Creating nature from a machine to solve problems ### Charles Darwin: - Origin of Species - Challenged people are separate from nature - Nature is changing/Evolving ### Social Darwinism: - people on top have $ - distribution of resources to "better" Wealthy, Powerful members of Society. --- ### January 9 **Wildfires:** -Burn grass grows out straight - good for weaving baskets - fire essential for Native Americans -541 Ecosystems fire dependant - others fire adaptive -cycle of growth for rejuvination - Fires to point blame politically -Robinson Jeffers - "Beautiful country burn again" -California-mediterranean climate - hot & dry → cold & wet - North Pacific High (Horse latitudes) - long dry summer - Plants require fire ### Winds: -Diablo & Santa Ana winds - wind running from shore to ocean→ requces humidity - Pressure warms up the winds -Diablo Range winds carry fire - CA fires come from choices made by people --- -After SF earthquake, people moved into oakland hills - people planted New kinds of trees, Not from us [Eukalyptus Trom Australia) - 1-8 million Eucalyptus trees to build houses → Lumber - very reactive to fire, burn easily -Oakland hills Fire: many of hundreds of fires in windstorm →Easily spread harder to put out -50% Of firefighting [National] budget Is spent in Socal. -Chaparral - variety of plants with Thick leaves & bark (brush on hills) -Chamise-Thick roots, prevent Soil Erosion, produce highly flammable oil - Chaparral & Chamise most of Socal Fires today -Santa ana winds too strong, you cant get infront of them - Primam cause of fires are people - more people = more fires, wires, and cigarettes, etc. --- ### January 14 Human Landscapes of Native America **Pocahontas:** - enviromentalist noble savage - wasteful Savage savage **Coyote:**-Lesson on now not to behave, greed, Lust, deviant but often creates something - Ex: Seasons **Forest Of Eyes:** Everything has a Spirit --always watching, highly localized --- 100-relationship with land, Intamicy! of relationships with land **Salmon fishing:**-through rivers, Weirs/Platforms collected fish only allowed for a few days I weeks not to anger others or the Spirit of the salmon --100 million fish per run, 2x runs annually ---good relationship with spirit ---- you get salmon -bad relationship -- illness, no food --- -dams in rivers depress salmon populations - water quality ### Whaling brings community together spirits of the whales all natural goods had relationships - spiritual practices - Ex: asking tree to take bark, only stripping one half of the tree - land inhabited for long time = more diverse living -Hunting/Gathering-more value l-ess taxing on people - domesticators / tenders of the wild - Sedintary = good way to die basketry-burning, firing the underbrush stimulates growth - open park like apperance - fire kills pests (Weevils) --- -burning- shoots out new growth all straight good for weaving - Cupricing (selective prining) - Hunting/Gathering ≠ Agriculture bc they did not actually plant feeds - Hunting moose, caribu - decoys, antler noises, Snowshoes all importaint developments to improve hunting success - Luck in hunting comes from spirits Its self people/ Animals born with Luck transfered to another **Liebigs law** - population can only grow as much as food system will feed at The poorest time of the year -Maize-from mexico and taken north - cross breeding blant larger kernels - maize known today would not exist without people 3 Sisters-maize, beans, squash - Symbiotic relationships --- ### January Ile Conclusions: 1. Native understanding of Nature as not separate from people 2. Native people shaped land in many ways 3. "Virgin land" Western myth -- untouched Enviroment - in Western thinking→ something that surroundinar us Yersinia pestis-bacillus That causes black plague - trans: rats & flea bites Mongol Empire: -Travelers cover lots of Land - Human web that connected parts that have not been connected before -Huremen brought bacillus back to homeland would die off Ifdiant fina -grassland rodents burrows underground - black rat Spread plague deadly to rats - Endemic to CA NOW Squirrels - catha bay & Freodesyia - first outbreak --- -30-90% of those who had it died -- once you got it immune later on Ships arrived needed to stand off to control spread -- first Idea of Quarentine (1340s) Withdrew from Europe as an Epidemic after great plague of London (lleee) - shortage of wood replaced with tile lulule Fireburned down replace with Stone rats wed to live in thatched roots no rats in house No plague Flagellants- public beatings / whipping christian religions movements Antisemitism increased Effects of Black death in Europe pUp. decline of farm abandonment 2. Change in class structure w/ rising Wage rates & urbanization 3. Wealthy owners claimed abandoned Land NN 4. Expansion of Sheep farming & wool. 5. decline of thedalism --- ### January 21 What does black death teach us? 1. Human migration accompanied by other creatures 2. Humans often share diseases with Animals 3. diseases tend to be endemic to some areas fully absent in others 4. Transportation trade corriadors often runtes of infection 5. Late Middle ager was period of increasing contact between Enropeans and rest of world **diseases are more historical than genetics** Migration -Lang bridge: possibly lived on bridge - Kelp highway: Pacific coastline →Sank beneath the waves Virgin fuil epidemic organism introduced or reintroanced to a population which has no immunities to them --- Pau d' Arco kayapo tribe that ceased to exist complicating Factors 1. pathogens sometimes compound effects of one another, multible disease striking at once AIGAN Highway during ww2 2. Slavery aggrivated disease effects que to large pupulation and Welfare smallpox spread required warfare, starvation Hispaniola Population | Year | Population | Note | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | 1492 | 200,000-300,000 | | | 1508 | 60,000 | disease for decline | | 1514 | 26,000 |Slavery, overwork | | 1517 | 11,000 | famine & War | | 1518 | 3,000 | only 1,000 after 1 yr of small Pax | Did Europeans & Enro Americans attempts to spread small box intentionally? --- ### January 21 - Colonists Scared of Smallpox themselves, children less often exposed than Europeans ### Conclusion 1. Biological warfare not primary means through which small pox was communicated 2. Settlers occasionally tried and failed to Stop outbreaks 3. Settlers and descendants did benifit by taking Indian land 4. moral of ethical Questions: many people disease killed by itself Nomadic people lands expand dramatically over seditentary horticulturasts 19 is Alfred crosby correct? biological determinism biology determines history. in truth no one theory determines History precontact 5-10 million to 250,000 in 1890 from European migrations --- Malaria -protozoan: mosquitoes to people Lives in organs comes back years later Yellow Fever- - another deadly disease in the south african americans had higher survival/ Immunity to malania forced to work political issue: put black body for wealth Race as a cultural construct with an enviromental purpose conclusions: disease not love cause of Native distriction 2. Is biological advantage always a political advantage? 3. Malaria & Yellow fever threaten Indian and colonial Populations alike 4. Europeans also comprimised to malaria. --- Complexities of co-Invasion -History as biology-working out of darwinian process (Natural selection) -biological determinism 1. Livestock as tool for expanding Settler economieu 2. Livestock was biggest source of contiicting between Natives & Americans 3. hoped gifting Livestock might make indians more like european's 4: Natives adopted livestock in their own way, refwed en.way 5. animal human relationships Chesapeake Bay-Tobacco farming need workers for plantations people Not rich-gamblers from england. needed money - trade overseas Fences dont exist keep animals ont no livestock = No fences --- -colonist not only brought livestock but also markets to move Livestock - Hogs-ear marked and run wild would devistate everything in its barmpoloid Fixity English laeal. fixed, perminant home with adjacent farm, pustures, barns All economic activity revolves around fixed home. must be approved by Church Mobility: Southern New England Indians laeal: Seasonal movement between villagers In summer, planting supplemented by hunting. Winter arspersal to numing for meat and skins -tools for replicating english ways Send message to indians to move off land conflicts over animals taking over inaian land Geating indian food Storage -Natives began to aquire Livestock did not treat how English had hoped --- some indians took to raising pigs - Wampanogs, Mohegans, montanks in NE -chopticos, Powhatans, Weanocks in ches Pigs-replaced bears for natives markets banned from markets Laws to not recognize pigs as property for natives Metacom = King Phillip King Phillips warton killed 1/4 colonial pop. & lots of Livestock Nathaniel Bacon-rebellion over sale of pig settlers go out and slaughter indians for more land Indians adapted to colonists colonists diant Conclusions: 1. Ecological Imperialism is real. Enrarian organisms like horses, cows, sheep are Central to conquest 2. War is cultural political Not natural 3. Race firmly inscribed in process of ecological imperialism --- -Horses -Fix broken horse leg if special horse could pick horse out of large herd buffalo hunting-horse could lick out good buffalos (incredibly Quick) trained to voice commands different dialects encourage grass to grow to feed horseso run on ice wl no slipping -Not same as European horses bigger, more muscle for war -Native: smaller, more nimble Quick --- January 23 - Worklogat for women increased when men went out to hunt bison - Horses made lives easier-less to carry -Poor men would steal horses inc. conflict -competition for grass with bison limited bison heras - 2 million wild horses in us -Horse culture harder to defeat -Pants empty pockets get money --- - - conclusions: 1. Native americans sucess with pigs, sheep and horses as examples of adopting and Incorporating "co invaders ISIH NORDIA 2. Culture, economy, politics are as important to Env history as bio 3. domesticated animals express cultural and economic needs of owners as much as they embody ecological or bio processes Domesticated Animals - Animals selectively bred in captivity for Particular traits for use by people who control / modity food sources --- 35 WANNNE 148 herbivores-- 14 have been domesticated 1. diet and metabolism: must turn a high Proportion of food to fresh 2. ttign growth rate 3. Willingness and ability to breed i 4. mila disparitioni 6. in Captivity 5. reluctance to panic ie. hera or Pack animals with strong dominance heirarchy but willingnese ZNANOS to tolerate overlapping territoires IDNI DVD PRAYOND TO MOYAXS 2108 13/14 herbivores came from Eurasia-Eurasia is just so big (biggest land mass high diversity Life and death in The organic city: Hurricane Katrina = powerlessness of The White House racial economic injustice cities racidmixing, unnatural modern cities Sucessful enviromenta Refirms --- 293. - all cities centered on solar flux Solar & water power/energy grass for animals via aun ↳ Sails = Port cities = wind -milling technology -Forbidden to leave England -New England textile mill 4 built 1792 pawtucket RI Samuel later crew from memory Int --1790 first Patent on flour mill all with power falling Water, HAN- ho N107