Untitled

• Anatomy and Physiology is the study of the human body in Unit 1

Objectives for studying Anatomy and Physiology

• Understand the definition
• Identify the levels of structural organization
• Be familiar with organ systems
• Comprehend important life processes
• Evaluate the importance of homeostasis
• Apply anatomical language to describing human anatomy

Anatomy

• Comes from the Greek words "ANA", meaning up, and "TOMOS" meaning to cut
• It is the study of the structure and shape of body parts and their relationships

Gross anatomy types

• Gross anatomy is the study of the structure's form as seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy types

• Microscopic anatomy studies the form of normal structures seen under a microscope

Physiology

• It studies how the body and its parts work or function
• It attempts to explain how and why humans function
• It is where understandings of how things work can be figured out
• Examples include muscle contraction
• Another example is a heartbeat

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level refers to Atoms and Molecules
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter
• Molecules are groups of atoms

Cellular Level

• It's the basic unit of life
• Is the smallest unit capable of basic life processes

Tissues

• Group of similar cells with common function

Organ

• A structure composed of two or more tissue types
• It performs a specific function for the body

Organ Systems

• A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function

Organism

• Made up of 11 organ systems
• Represents the highest level of structural organization

Organ systems include

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Integumentary functions

• Helps regulate body temperature
• Protects the body
• Eliminates some wastes
• Helps make Vitamin D
• Detects sensation

Skeletal functions

• Supports and protects the body
• Provides specific areas for muscle attachment
• Assists with body movement
• Stores blood cells that produce blood cells
• Stores minerals and lipids

Muscular functions

• Participates in bringing out body movements
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Nervous functions

• Regulates body activities through nerve impulses
• Detects changes in the environment
• Interprets changes
• Responds to changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Endocrine function

• Regulates body activities through hormones
• Hormones transported by blood to various target organs

Cardiovascular functions

• A heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Blood carries CO2 and wastes away from cells
• Blood helps regulate acidity, temperature, and H20 content of body fluids
• Helps defend against diseases and mend damaged blood vessels

Lymphatic functions

• Returns proteins and fluid to blood
• Carries lipids from the GI tract to blood
• Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B & T cells to protect against disease-causing microbes

Respiratory functions

• Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
• Transfers CO2 from blood to exhaled air
• Helps regulate acidity of body fluids
• Air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

Digestive functions

• Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
• Eliminates solid wastes

Urinary functions

• Produces, stores & eliminates urine
• Eliminates wastes & regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
• Helps regulate acidity of body fluids
• Maintains the body's mineral balance
• Helps regulate red blood cells production

Reproductive functions

• Gonads produce gametes (sperms or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
• They release hormones that regulate production and other body processes

Female reproductive functions

• Associated organs transport and store gametes
• Mammary glands produce milk

Important Body Processes

• Metabolism all the chemical processes occurring in the body
• Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes inside and outside the body
• Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs single cells and even tiny structures

Growth

• Increase in body size due to an increase in cell size, cell number, and/or surrounding materials

Differentiation

• The process unspecialized cells undergo to become specialized

Reproduction

• Refers to the production of a new individual
• The formation of new cells for growth repair or replacement

Homeostasis

• The internal environment of the body is mainly under the control of the nervous and endocrine systems
• The nervous system detects changes from the balanced state
• It sends messages in the form of electrical signals/nerve impulses to organs to counteract the change
• The endocrine system corrects changes by secreting molecules
• Hormones affect specific body cells to restore homeostasis

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

• Maintained by feedback mechanisms
• Feedback mechanism is a cycle of events in which a controlled condition in the body, e.g. body temperature and blood pressure
• It is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, and re-evaluated

Basic components of a Feedback Mechanism

• Receptor is a body structure that monitors a change in a controlled condition; this changes the stimulus
• The receptor sends information called input to the control center
• Control Center processes information it receives from the receptors
• Generates a commander output for appropriate organs when needed
• Effector is a body structure that receives output from the control center
• It produces a response that changes the controlled situation
• Any organ of the body can act as a receptor

Types of Feedback Mechanism

• Negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition bringing it back to normal
• Examples include feedback mechanisms for body temperature and blood pressure
• Positive feedback strengthens a controlled condition
• Examples include feedback mechanisms that control Childbirth and Blood cutting

Anatomical Position

• The subject's body is standing upright
• The head level has eyes facing the observer
• The arms are at the sides with palms forward, and feet flat on the floor
• The location description of the body parts based on this position

Directional Terms

• Left refers to the left of subject's body
• Right refers to the right of the subject's body
• Superior (above) means toward the head's end; the upper part of a structure, above or higher

Superior Example

• The forehead is superior to the nose
• Inferior (below) is away from the head end; the lower part of the structure; below or lower

Inferior Example

• The navel is inferior to the breastbone
• Anterior (or ventral/ in front of) at the front of the body or in front of

Anterior example

• The breastbone is anterior to the spine
• Posterior (or dorsal/ behind) at the backside of the body or behind

Posterior example

• The heart is posterior to the ribs
• Medial is toward or at the midline of the body; the inner side of the body

Medial example

• The heart is medial to the arm
• Lateral away from is the midline of the body; on the outer side

Lateral example

• The arms are lateral to the chest
• Proximal is close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Proximal example

• The elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal is farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal example

• The knee is distal to the thigh
• Superficial is toward or at the body surface

Superficial example

• The skin is superficial to the skeleton
• Deep is away from the body surface; more internal

Deep example

• The lungs are deep to the rib cage

Basic Regions of the Body

• Head
• Neck
• Trunk/Torso
• Upper limb/Upper Extremity
• Lower limb/Lower Extremity

Plane definition

• Is an imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ
• Sagittal section is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
• Midsagittal cut into two equal parts
• Off-center from the midline Parasagittal

Frontal Section

• Coronal plane/frontal plane; a cut made along the body that divides it into anterior and posterior parts

Traverse Section

• A horizontal plane; is a cut made along the body that divides it into superior and inferior parts
• Longitudinal section is a plane the long axis of an organ
• Cross section is a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
• Oblique section is a diagonal plane

Cavities

• Spaces are within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

Two main types of body cavities

• DORSAL CAVITY contains the central nervous system, and consists of the cranial and vertebral/spinal cavities
• The wall or boundaries do not separate its subdivisions

Cranial cavity

• Formed by cranial bones; contains brain

Vertebral cavity

• Formed by the vertebral column/back bones; contains the spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves.

VENTRAL CAVITY

• Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity which are separated by the diaphragm
• Organs inside these cavities are called viscera

Thoracic

• The chest cavity, contains two smaller cavities, the pericardial and pleural cavity

Pericardial

• Surrounds the heart

Pleural cavity

• Cavity which surrounds only the lungs

Abdominal

• The largest division of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines

Pelvic cavity

• Located inferior to the abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

Abdomen quadrants

• The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that crosses at the umbilicus

Abdomen regions

• The abdomen is divided into nine regions by two transverse planes and two sagittal planes