Anatomy and Physiology: Unit 1-The Human Body PDF

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: The Human Body Objectives You are expected to: Understand the definition of anatomy and physiology Identify the levels of structural organization Familiarize the organ systems Comprehend the important life processes...

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: The Human Body Objectives You are expected to: Understand the definition of anatomy and physiology Identify the levels of structural organization Familiarize the organ systems Comprehend the important life processes Evaluate the importance of homeostasis Apply the anatomical language in describing the human anatomy  01 Definition Anatomy -comes from the Greek words , “ANA”, which means up and “TOMOS’ which means to cut. -is the study of the structure and the shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another. Types: Gross anatomy- the study of the form of the structure that can be seen with the naked eye Microscopic anatomy- the study of the form of normal structures seen under the microscope Physiology -the study of how the body and its parts work or function -it attempts to explain how and why humans function -it is where we figure out how stuff works Examples: How do muscles contract? How does our heart beat?  02 Levels of Structural Organization Photo from http://www.toxicologyschools.com/Free_Toxicology_Course2/a22.htm Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level Tissue Organ Systems Atoms- the building Group of similar cells Is a group of organs blocks of matter that have common that cooperate to Molecules- group of function accomplish a common atoms function Cellular Level Organ Organism Basic unit of life, the A structure composed Made up of 11 organ smallest unit which is of two or more tissue systems and capable of basic life types that performs a represents the highest processes like taking specific function for level of structural in nutrients, expelling the body organization wastes, and reproducing  03 Organ Systems Júpiter Vênus Marte  Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Functions: Functions: Functions: Supports & Participates Helps regulate protects the bringing out body body body temperature Provides a movements Protects the specific areas Maintains body for muscle posture Eliminates some attachment Produces heat wastes Assists with Helps make body movement Vitamin D Stores cells that Detects produce blood sensation cells Stores minerals and lipids  Organ Systems Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Functions: Functions: Functions: Heart pumps blood Regulates body through blood vessels activities through Blood carries oxygen Regulates body nerve impulses by and nutrients to cells activities and CO2 and wastes detecting changes in the environment through away from cells and Interpreting the hormones helps regulate acidity, changes transported by temp., and H2O Responding to the the blood to content of body fluids changes by various target Helps defend against bringing about organs diseases and mend muscular damaged blood contractions or vessels glandular secretions  Organ Systems Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Functions: Functions: Functions: Transfers Returns proteins and oxygen from Achieves fluid to blood inhaled air to physical and Carries lipids from blood and CO2 chemical GI tract to blood from blood to breakdown of Contains sites of exhaled air food maturation & Helps regulate Eliminates solid proliferation of B acidity of body wastes cells & T cells that fluids protect against Air flowing out of disease-causing the lungs microbes through vocal cords produces sounds  Organ Systems Urinary Reproductive Functions: Functions: Produces, stores, & Functions: eliminates urine Gonads produce Eliminates wastes & Associated gametes (sperms regulates volume and organs transport chemical composition or oocytes) that and store of blood unite to form a gametes Helps regulate acidity new organism Mammary glands of body fluids Release produce milk Maintains body’s hormones that mineral balance regulate Helps regulate red production & blood cells production other body process  04 Life Processes  Important Body Processes 1. Metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth All the chemical processes that The ability to detect Includes motion of An increase in body occur in the body and respond to the whole body, size due to an increase Includes the breaking down changes that occur in individual organs, in the size of existing complex substances into simpler both inside and outside single cells, and building blocks/ utilizing nutrients of the body even tiny structures cells, the number of & oxygen to produce energy inside cells cells. Or the amount of molecules material surrounding cells  Important Body Processes 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction Is the process that unspecialized Refers to either the production of a new cells undergo to become individual or the formation of new cells for specialized cells growth repair or replacement End of Part 1 Homeostasis Homeostasis A state in which the internal environment of the body are mainly under the control of two systems, the nervous and endocrine systems. Nervous system: detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of electrical signals/nerve impulses to organs to counteract the change. Endocrine system: corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood; hormones affect specific body cells to restore homeostasis. Homeostasis This is maintained by feedback mechanisms. Feedback mechanism is a cycle of events in which a controlled condition in the body (e.g. body temperature and blood pressure) is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated and so on. Basic Component of a Feedback Mechanism Receptor -is a body structure that monitors a change in a controlled condition; this change stimulus. -receptor sends information called input to the control center Control Center -processing center -evaluates the input it receives from the receptors and generates output commands to appropriate organs when they are needed Effector -is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled situation -any organ of the body can acts as an receptor  Types of Feedback Mechanism Negative Feedback Mechanism Positive Feedback -reverses a change in a controlled -strengthens a controlled condition condition bringing it back to “normal” -examples are feedback -examples are feedback mechanisms that control mechanisms that control: Childbirth Body temperature Blood cutting Blood pressure  The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Subject’s body standing upright; head level with eyes facing observer; arms at the sides with palms forward; and feet flat on the floor Description of the location of the body parts based on this position Directional Terms 1. LEFT - To the left of subject’s body 2. RIGHT - To the right of subject’s body 3. SUPERIOR (above) - Toward the head’s end; upper part of a structure; above or higher E.g The forehead is superior to the nose 4. INFERIOR (below) - Away from the head end; toward the lower part of the structure; below or lower E.g. The navel is inferior to the breastbone Directional Terms 5. ANTERIOR (or ventral/ in front of) - At the front of the body or in front of E.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine 6. POSTERIOR (or dorsal/ behind) - At the backside of the body or behind E.g. The heart is posterior to the to the ribs 7. MEDIAL - Toward or at the midline of the body; inner side of the body E.g. The heart is medial to the arm 8. LATERAL - Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of E.g. The arms are lateral to the chest Directional Terms 9. PROXIMAL - Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. 10. DISTAL - Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk E.g. The knee is distal to the thigh. 11. SUPERFICIAL - Toward or at the body surface E.g. The skin is superficial to the skeleton 12. DEEP -away from the body surface; more internal E.g. The lungs are deep to the rib cage. Part III  Body Regions and Regional Terms Five Regions of the Body Head Neck Trunk/Torso Upper limb/Upper Extremity Lower limb/Lower Extremity Body Planes and Sections  Plane An imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ Sagittal section- vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides Midsagittal- cut into two equal parts Parasagittal- off the center from the midline Frontal section- coronal plane/frontal plane; a cut made along the body that divides it into anterior and posterior parts Transverse section- horizontal plane; is a cut made along the body that divides it into superior and inferior parts  Plane An imaginary flat surface that separates two portions of the body or an organ Longitudinal section- a plane the long axis of an organ Cross section- a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ Oblique section- a diagonal plane Cavities  Cavities Are spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs TWO MAIN TYPES OF BODY CAVITIES DORSAL CAVITY -contains the central nervous system, and consists of the 1.cranial cavity and 2.vertebral/spinal cavity - no wall or boundaries separates its subdivisions ❖ Cranial cavity- formed by cranial bones; contains brain ❖ Vertebral cavity- formed by vertebral column/ back bones; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves Image: https://quizlet.com/181933688/ap-chapter-1-sections-14-15-flash-cards/  VENTRAL CAVITY -contains the 1.thoracic cavity and 2.abdominopelvic cavity which are both separated by the diaphragm - organs inside these cavities are called viscera. ❖ Thoracic- the chest cavity; contains two smaller cavities the a.pericardial that surrounds the heart and b.pleural cavity which surrounds the lungs ❖ Abdominal- largest division of the abdominopelvic cavity; contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines ❖ Pelvic cavity- located inferior to abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system image:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavity Areas of the Abdomen The abdomen is divided into four (4) quadrants by a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus. http://what-when-how.com/nursing/organization-of-the-human-structure-and-function-nursing-part-1/ Image: https://www.registerednursern.com/four-abdominal-quadrants-regions/ The abdomen is divided into nine (9) regions of two transverse planes and two sagittal planes image:http://www.scientistcindy.com/anatomical-regions.html Image: https://www.registerednursern.com/four-abdominal-quadrants-regions/