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Questions and Answers
Vitamins are larger molecules than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Vitamins are larger molecules than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
False
Vitamins directly provide the body with energy.
Vitamins directly provide the body with energy.
False
Vitamins are consumed in gram quantities.
Vitamins are consumed in gram quantities.
False
Vitamins are inorganic compounds and cannot be broken down or oxidized.
Vitamins are inorganic compounds and cannot be broken down or oxidized.
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Water-soluble vitamins require special carriers to reach cells in the body.
Water-soluble vitamins require special carriers to reach cells in the body.
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Fat-soluble vitamins are directly excreted by the kidneys.
Fat-soluble vitamins are directly excreted by the kidneys.
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Minerals are organic molecules.
Minerals are organic molecules.
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Calcium is considered a trace mineral because the body contains less than 5 g of it.
Calcium is considered a trace mineral because the body contains less than 5 g of it.
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Iron is a major mineral found in quantities of more than 5g in the body.
Iron is a major mineral found in quantities of more than 5g in the body.
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Iodine is a trace mineral, required in greater quantities for a healthy body.
Iodine is a trace mineral, required in greater quantities for a healthy body.
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Vitamin A, in the form of retinal, is crucial for visual functions and immune system support.
Vitamin A, in the form of retinal, is crucial for visual functions and immune system support.
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Vitamin D's primary function involves the synthesis of collagen and immune system protection.
Vitamin D's primary function involves the synthesis of collagen and immune system protection.
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A deficiency in Vitamin E can lead to the weakening of cartilage and capillary walls.
A deficiency in Vitamin E can lead to the weakening of cartilage and capillary walls.
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The stability of Vitamin C is enhanced in the presence of heat, light, and alkali.
The stability of Vitamin C is enhanced in the presence of heat, light, and alkali.
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Both Vitamin D and Vitamin E are resistant to heat, alkali, and oxidation.
Both Vitamin D and Vitamin E are resistant to heat, alkali, and oxidation.
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Vitamin A, particularly in the form of retinoic acid, is essential for growth, development, and the repair of body tissues.
Vitamin A, particularly in the form of retinoic acid, is essential for growth, development, and the repair of body tissues.
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The precursor to Vitamin A, beta-carotene, is found abundantly in orange fruits.
The precursor to Vitamin A, beta-carotene, is found abundantly in orange fruits.
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Daily intake of Vitamin C is recommended at $120 mg$ per day.
Daily intake of Vitamin C is recommended at $120 mg$ per day.
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Vitamin E helps protect cell membranes from oxidation, acting like a pro-oxidant.
Vitamin E helps protect cell membranes from oxidation, acting like a pro-oxidant.
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Vitamin D, as cholecalciferol, is obtained through fish liver oil, the suns rays, and fortified milk, while $D_2$ in the form of ergocalciferol comes from yeast and mushrooms.
Vitamin D, as cholecalciferol, is obtained through fish liver oil, the suns rays, and fortified milk, while $D_2$ in the form of ergocalciferol comes from yeast and mushrooms.
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Niacin deficiency leads to a condition known as scurvy.
Niacin deficiency leads to a condition known as scurvy.
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Folate is stable under highly acidic conditions.
Folate is stable under highly acidic conditions.
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A deficiency in calcium results in anemia.
A deficiency in calcium results in anemia.
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Phytates enhance calcium absorption.
Phytates enhance calcium absorption.
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Increased red blood cell production decreases iron requirements in the body
Increased red blood cell production decreases iron requirements in the body
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Tannins contribute to increased iron absorption.
Tannins contribute to increased iron absorption.
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Zinc deficiency can result in normal sexual maturation.
Zinc deficiency can result in normal sexual maturation.
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The iodine level in the body can be boosted by guatrogens
The iodine level in the body can be boosted by guatrogens
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Niacin is very sensitive to light.
Niacin is very sensitive to light.
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Iron is a component of hemoglobin but not myoglobin.
Iron is a component of hemoglobin but not myoglobin.
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The stability of Vitamin B1 is maintained even when its solutions are heated to 120°C in an acidic environment.
The stability of Vitamin B1 is maintained even when its solutions are heated to 120°C in an acidic environment.
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Cracks, cold sores, and sensitivity to light or burning are diseases caused by deficiencies in Vitamin B2.
Cracks, cold sores, and sensitivity to light or burning are diseases caused by deficiencies in Vitamin B2.
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Legumes are a food source for Vitamin B1.
Legumes are a food source for Vitamin B1.
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Riboflavin is stable under UV and visible light conditions.
Riboflavin is stable under UV and visible light conditions.
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The recommended daily intake of Vitamin B2 is 1.5 mg/day.
The recommended daily intake of Vitamin B2 is 1.5 mg/day.
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Dairy products are one of the food sources for Vitamin B2.
Dairy products are one of the food sources for Vitamin B2.
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Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B2.
Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B2.
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Whole-grain bread contains Riboflavin.
Whole-grain bread contains Riboflavin.
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Thiamine is known to promote healthy skin.
Thiamine is known to promote healthy skin.
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Animal proteins are a food source for Vitamin B1.
Animal proteins are a food source for Vitamin B1.
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Study Notes
Vitamins, Minerals and Their Importance for Nutrition
- Vitamins are smaller molecules with different structures and functions than carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Vitamins do not provide energy but are components of enzymes crucial for energy production and many bodily processes.
- Vitamins are found in foods in varying quantities, typically in milligrams or micrograms.
- Vitamins are organic compounds and can be broken down or destroyed, losing their function.
- Water-soluble vitamins pass directly into the bloodstream.
- Fat-soluble vitamins require carriers to reach cells and are stored in the body, potentially leading to toxicity with excessive consumption.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
-
Vitamin A:
- Forms: Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinyl esters
- Sources: Egg yolks, liver, fish oil, fortified dairy products, butter, dark green vegetables (provitamin A).
- Functions: Growth, development, repair and protection of body tissues, immune system and visual function.
- Deficiencies: Night blindness, changes in epithelial tissue, keratinization, dry eyes (xerophthalmia), abnormal bone and tooth development.
- Stability: Resistant to heat and alkali, susceptible to light, acid, oxygen, and ultraviolet radiation; rapidly degrades at high temperatures in the presence of rancid oils
-
Vitamin D:
- Forms: Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
- Sources: Fish liver oil, fortified milk, egg yolk, exposure to sunlight.
- Functions: Component of steroid hormone structure, regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption and metabolism; involved in bone mineralisation.
- Deficiencies: Rickets, tetany, dental caries, osteomalacia
- Stability: Resistant to heat, alkali, and oxidation.
-
Vitamin E:
- Forms: α, β, γ-tocopherol
- Sources: Vegetable oils, whole grains, dark green vegetables, nuts.
- Functions: Antioxidant, protects cell membranes and red blood cells from oxidation, immune function.
- Deficiencies: Haemolysis of red blood cells, anaemia, neuromuscular dysfunction.
- Stability: Resistant to heat and acid and oxygen degradation in presence of rancid oils and heavy metals like lead and iron.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
-
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid):
- Sources: Citrus fruits, tomatoes, melons, berries, green and red peppers, broccoli.
- Functions: Collagen synthesis, immune system protection, wound healing, antioxidant, increased iron absorption.
- Deficiencies: Scurvy, weakness of cartilage and capillary walls, skin bleeding, pain, anemia, delayed wound healing, weak bone and tooth development.
- Stability: Least stable; undergoes oxidation in the presence of heat, light, alkali, oxidative enzymes, and Cu/Fe minerals.
-
B-vitamins (Vitamin B1, B2, etc.):
- Varying forms, functions, and sources.
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Energy metabolism, neural and appetite health. Deficiency: Loss of appetite, mental depression, heart rhythm disturbances, beriberi.
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Energy metabolism, normal vision, healthy skin. Deficiency: Cracks, cold sores, sensitivity to light, burning and itchy eyes.
- Niacin: Energy metabolism, nervous system, digestive functions, skin health
-
Folic acid (Folat): Red blood cell production, growth and cell division, nucleoprotein synthesis. Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, depression, growth retardation, frequent infections
- Stability varies depending on the vitamin.
Minerals
- Minerals are inorganic molecules.
- Major minerals are found in quantities greater than 5g, while trace minerals are found in smaller quantities, vital for human health.
- Calcium: Bone development and maintenance, nervous system functions, blood clotting, muscle contraction. Deficiency: Osteomalacia, osteoporosis, tetany, hypercalcemia.
- Iron: Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, components of oxidative enzymes, production of new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters. Deficiency: Anemia, reduced resistance to infections, reduced labour productivity, reduced physical activity, fragility, fatigue, reduced learning ability, pale and concave nails, delayed wound healing.
- Zinc: Component of most enzymes, increased or decreased enzyme activity. Deficiency: Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite.
- Iodine: Thyroid function, growth, mental development, energy metabolism. Deficiency: Simple goiter, cretinism.
- Selenium: Varies across different minerals
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Description
Dive into the world of vitamins and minerals with this quiz that explores their structures, functions, and significance in nutrition. Understand the differences between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and learn about their dietary sources and health impacts. Perfect for those interested in nutrition science.
