Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Functions

Vitamin D and its metabolites promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine and enhance PTH activity in the release of calcium from the bone.

In low levels of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone secretion increases, stimulating bone to promote osteoclastic activity and release calcium into the blood.

Glucocorticoids regulate protein metabolism to either reduce or intensify the organic matrix of the bone.

<p>Growth hormone is responsible for increasing bone length and determining the amount of bone matrix formed before puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen stimulates osteoblastic activity and inhibits parathyroid hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Androgens, such as testosterone, promote anabolism and increase bone mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine muscle weakness and diagnose neuromuscular, lower motor neuron, and peripheral nerve disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NPO for 8 hours prior and informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine bone chips, torn ligaments, and other loose bodies within the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hold skeletal muscle relaxants for days prior to the procedure, and mild sedation may be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and Vitamin D supplements, Bisphosphonate, Alendronate, Ibandronate, and Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low electrical current is sent through flat electrodes to the nerve and muscle, and muscular electrical activity is traced on recording paper through an oscilloscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary discomfort, mild pain, anxiety, and slight bruising at the needle insertion sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crepitus in the joint is expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote bone density and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect any potential complications and inform the physician if they persist longer than 2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimize joint use, apply ice packs and analgesics, and use an elastic compression wrap</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce discomfort and pain during the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure calcium levels in the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inspect and palpate the skull for shape, asymmetry, tenderness, and masses, and to assess the TMJ for abnormal findings such as tenderness, pain, crepitus, and spongy swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve conduction studies are done first, followed by the insertion of multiple needle electrodes to test muscle potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low intake of calcium and vitamin D, underweight, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess for tenderness or pain along the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium-rich foods: yogurt, milk, sardines, and cheese; Vitamin D-rich foods: salmon, tuna, cheese, and egg yolk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the blood flow and circulation distal to an injury or cast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate osteoblast activity and promote bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genu valgum (knock-knee) and Genu varum (bow-legged).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the coordination, fine and gross motor skills, and muscle tone of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the degree of mobility and flexibility in the joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers