Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Functions

What is the role of vitamin D and its metabolites in the body?

Vitamin D and its metabolites promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine and enhance PTH activity in the release of calcium from the bone.

How does parathyroid hormone respond to low levels of serum calcium?

In low levels of serum calcium, parathyroid hormone secretion increases, stimulating bone to promote osteoclastic activity and release calcium into the blood.

How do glucocorticoids regulate bone metabolism?

Glucocorticoids regulate protein metabolism to either reduce or intensify the organic matrix of the bone.

What is the role of growth hormone in bone development?

Growth hormone is responsible for increasing bone length and determining the amount of bone matrix formed before puberty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of estrogen in bone metabolism?

Estrogen stimulates osteoblastic activity and inhibits parathyroid hormone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of androgens in bone metabolism?

Androgens, such as testosterone, promote anabolism and increase bone mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electromyography with or without nerve conduction studies?

To determine muscle weakness and diagnose neuromuscular, lower motor neuron, and peripheral nerve disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the necessary preparation for a client undergoing arthrography?

NPO for 8 hours prior and informed consent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of injecting air or contrast medium into the joint cavity during arthrography?

To determine bone chips, torn ligaments, and other loose bodies within the joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the preparation required before undergoing an electromyography procedure?

Hold skeletal muscle relaxants for days prior to the procedure, and mild sedation may be used Signup and view all the answers

What are some common medications used to treat osteoporosis?

Calcium and Vitamin D supplements, Bisphosphonate, Alendronate, Ibandronate, and Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

How is the electromyography procedure conducted?

Low electrical current is sent through flat electrodes to the nerve and muscle, and muscular electrical activity is traced on recording paper through an oscilloscope Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible side effects of an electromyography procedure?

Temporary discomfort, mild pain, anxiety, and slight bruising at the needle insertion sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome if air is used as a contrast agent during arthrography?

Crepitus in the joint is expected Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of weight-bearing exercises in preventing osteoporosis?

To promote bone density and strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring for edema and tenderness after arthrography?

To detect any potential complications and inform the physician if they persist longer than 2 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the post-procedure care for a client who has undergone arthrography?

Minimize joint use, apply ice packs and analgesics, and use an elastic compression wrap Signup and view all the answers

Why is local anesthesia used during arthrography?

To reduce discomfort and pain during the procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a bone density test in diagnosing osteoporosis?

To measure calcium levels in the bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing the head and neck in a physical examination?

To inspect and palpate the skull for shape, asymmetry, tenderness, and masses, and to assess the TMJ for abnormal findings such as tenderness, pain, crepitus, and spongy swelling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events during an electromyography procedure?

Nerve conduction studies are done first, followed by the insertion of multiple needle electrodes to test muscle potential Signup and view all the answers

What are some lifestyle factors that contribute to an individual's risk of developing osteoporosis?

Low intake of calcium and vitamin D, underweight, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is palpation used for in assessing the spine?

To assess for tenderness or pain along the spine. Signup and view all the answers

What are some food sources rich in calcium and vitamin D that can help prevent osteoporosis?

Calcium-rich foods: yogurt, milk, sardines, and cheese; Vitamin D-rich foods: salmon, tuna, cheese, and egg yolk Signup and view all the answers

What is capillary refill used for in a neuromascular assessment?

To evaluate the blood flow and circulation distal to an injury or cast. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Teriparatide in treating osteoporosis?

To stimulate osteoblast activity and promote bone growth Signup and view all the answers

What are the common deformities that can be observed in the lower extremities during a physical examination?

Genu valgum (knock-knee) and Genu varum (bow-legged). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing the neuromuscular integrity in a physical examination?

To evaluate the coordination, fine and gross motor skills, and muscle tone of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing the range of motion (ROM) in the joints?

To determine the degree of mobility and flexibility in the joints. Signup and view all the answers