Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is another name for vitamin C?
Which vitamin is important for immune system health?
Which function is NOT associated with vitamin C?
Vitamin C is a part of an enzyme needed for which process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following roles does vitamin C play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of most water-soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a precursor to vitamin A?
Signup and view all the answers
What can excessive consumption of vitamins A and D lead to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin has a coenzyme function among the fat-soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cholecalciferol also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stage in the formation of Vitamin D3 involves sunlight?
Signup and view all the answers
What forms when an enzyme binds to its substrate?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the number of molecules of substrate converted to product per enzyme molecule per second?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a non-protein organic substance that is firmly attached to an enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of amino acid side chains in the active site of an enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes a holoenzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cofactor is loosely attached to the enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active site of an enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the protein portion of a holoenzyme called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is important for nerve function and is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is crucial for normal vision and skin health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin helps make red blood cells and is part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is essential for making DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is important for the nervous system, digestive system, and skin health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is part of an enzyme needed for making new cells and is important for nerve function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme class catalyzes the transfer of electrons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme class catalyzes group transfer reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme class is involved in hydrolysis reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme class catalyzes the formation of C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds by condensation reactions coupled to ATP cleavage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme class transfers groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is also known as Riboflavin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a water-soluble vitamin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is known as Retinoids?
Signup and view all the answers
How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is classified as a hemopoietic vitamin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a non B-complex vitamin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is also known as Cholecalciferol?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin cannot be synthesized by humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to an enzyme when exposed to extreme pH levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the ionic character of amino acid side chains in enzyme structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an effect of returning a gently denatured protein to normal physiological conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following enzymes is maximally active at an acidic pH of 2?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement describes allosteric inhibition?
Signup and view all the answers
How does allosteric activation affect an enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do effector molecules bind in allosteric regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the enzyme-substrate complex during allosteric inhibition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is essential for vision and immune system health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which food source is a good provider of Vitamin D?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and protects cell walls?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin's precursor can be found in leafy, dark green vegetables?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is involved in the proper absorption of calcium and is stored in bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Vitamins and Their Functions
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an antioxidant, essential for protein metabolism, immune system health, and iron absorption.
- Thiamine (vitamin B1) is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism and nerve function.
- Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism, important for normal vision and skin health.
- Niacin (vitamin B3) is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism, important for nervous system, digestive system, and skin health.
- Pantothenic acid is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism.
- Biotin is part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism.
- Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism, helps make red blood cells.
- Folate (folic acid) is part of an enzyme needed for making DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells.
- Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is part of an enzyme needed for making new cells, important for nerve function.
Extremes of pH and Enzymes
- Extremes of pH can denature enzymes, leading to loss of function.
- Enzymes can regain function when returned to normal physiological conditions.
Different Enzymes Have Different pH Optima
- Different enzymes have optimal pH ranges for activity.
- Examples: pepsin (maximally active at pH 2) and other enzymes (denatured at pH 2).
Allosteric Regulation
- Allosteric sites are effector binding sites on enzymes, distinct from the active site.
- Allosteric regulation can either inhibit or activate enzyme activity, depending on the effector molecule bound.
- Allosteric inhibition: binding of an inhibitor molecule to the allosteric site changes the conformation of the enzyme, making it less active or inactive.
- Allosteric activation: binding of an activator molecule to the allosteric site changes the conformation of the enzyme, making it more active.
Properties of Enzymes
- Enzymes have an active site that binds substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
- Enzymes are highly efficient, with the ability to transform substrate molecules into product at a high rate.
- Enzymes may associate with non-protein cofactors, such as coenzymes, prosthetic groups, or metal ion activators.
- Holoenzyme refers to the entire enzyme with its cofactor, while apoenzyme refers to the protein portion.
Vitamins
- Vitamins are essential for specific cellular functions.
- Most water-soluble vitamins are precursors of coenzymes for enzymes of intermediary metabolism.
- Vitamin D3 is formed in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol in a photochemical reaction driven by sunlight.
Classification of Vitamins
- Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.
- Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex (9 vitamins) and vitamin C.
- Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Enzyme Classes
- Oxidoreductases: transfer of electrons (hydride ions or H atoms).
- Transferases: group transfer reaction.
- Hydrolases: hydrolysis reactions (transfer of functional groups to water).
- Lyases: addition of groups to double bonds or formation of double bonds by removal of groups.
- Isomerases: transfer of groups within molecules to yield isomeric forms.
- Ligases: formation of C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds by condensation reactions coupled to ATP cleavage.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A and its precursor, beta-carotene, are needed for vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, and immune system health.
- Vitamin D is needed for bone growth and immune system health.
- Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells from damage.
- Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting and bone health.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the role of ascorbic acid in protein metabolism, immune system health, and iron absorption. Learn about its antioxidant properties and significance.
