Vitamin B5 and Coenzyme A Formation

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

• A peptide substance, consisting of pantoic acid (α,γ dihydroxy-β-dimethyl butyric acid) connected to β-alanine via an amide linkage.
• Can exist as a calcium salt or an alcohol form ("Pantothenol").
• Part of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP).

Formation of Coenzyme A (CoA)

• Pantothenate Kinase phosphorylates pantothenic acid using ATP, forming 4-phosphopantothenic acid.
• 4-phosphopantothenic acid reacts with cysteine, releasing the carboxyl group, to form 4-phosphopantetheine.
• 4-phosphopantetheine can be used to produce CoA or ACP (acyl carrier protein).

Natural Sources of Vitamin B5

• Animal sources: liver, kidney, heart, milk, and milk products (cheese, yogurt, butter).
• Plant sources: cereals, honey, molasses, and yeast.

Vitamin B5 Daily Requirements

• Adults (over 4 years old): 10 mg/day.
• Children (under 4 years old): 5 mg/day.
• Infants: 3 mg/day.

Vitamin B5 Deficiency

• Rare in healthy individuals due to widespread distribution in foods.
• Deficiency may lead to paresthesia (tingling, prickling, or numbness in the skin.).

Vitamin B5 Uses

• Treat and prevent deficiency.
• Supplements for inadequate diets.
• Used for diabetic neuropathy and arthritis.
• Topical use (dexpanthenol) for burns, itching, and irritation

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

• Pyridoxine, also known as pyridoxol, is a 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) pyridine.
• Primary produced by plants but found in animal foods.
• Four physiologically active forms of Vitamin B6.

Vitamin B6 Daily Requirements

• Males (15 years and older): 2.0 mg/day.
• Females (19 years and older): 1.6 mg/day.
• Pregnant women: 2.2 mg/day.
• Lactating women: 2.1 mg/day.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Causes

• Poor diet, inadequate intake.
• Pregnancy, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and alcoholism (increased requirement).
• Infants breastfed by mothers who have long-term oral contraceptive use.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms

• Skin: Dermatitis.
• Stomach: Stomatitis.
• Tongue: Glossitis.
• Mouth: Inflammation of mucous lining.
• Neurological: Depression, confusion.
• Blood: Anemia (sideroblastic).
• Alimentary: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, especially in pregnant women.

Vitamin B6 Uses

• Deficiency treatment and prevention.
• Improving some CNS conditions.
• Treatment of acne, kidney stones, and premenstrual syndrome.

Vitamin B6 Interactions

• Certain medications (e.g., isoniazid, cycloserine, penicillamine, certain oral contraceptives, and chloramphenicol) can increase the excretion of vitamin B6 or interfere with activity.

Role of Vitamin B6 in Metabolism of Amino Acids

• Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form in tissues.
• Critical in over 100 enzyme reactions for amino acid metabolism.
• Its role includes the reactions of transamination, decarboxylation, dehydration, S-desulfhydrases, and transulfurases.

Role of Vitamin B6 in Glycogenolysis

• PLP forms a Schiff base with the E-amino group of glycogen phosphorylase.
• Important in maintaining normal blood glucose levels, especially during low caloric intake.
• Involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.

Role of Vitamin B6 in Other Systems

• Essential for proper nervous system and immune system function.
• Important in tryptophan conversion to niacin.
• Participates in the metabolism of red blood cells.

Explore the essential details about Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid), its role in forming Coenzyme A, and its natural sources. This quiz discusses daily requirements and the implications of deficiency in healthy individuals. Test your knowledge on this crucial vitamin and its biological significance.