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Questions and Answers
Which substance is primarily formed when 4-phosphopantothenic acid condenses with cysteine?
Which substance is primarily formed when 4-phosphopantothenic acid condenses with cysteine?
What functional group of coenzyme A is responsible for its active center?
What functional group of coenzyme A is responsible for its active center?
Which of the following is NOT directly synthesized from coenzyme A during metabolic reactions?
Which of the following is NOT directly synthesized from coenzyme A during metabolic reactions?
During fatty acid synthesis, which group of molecules does acyl carrier protein (ACP) primarily transport?
During fatty acid synthesis, which group of molecules does acyl carrier protein (ACP) primarily transport?
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What type of linkage is formed when carboxylic acids react with coenzyme A?
What type of linkage is formed when carboxylic acids react with coenzyme A?
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What is the primary role of pyridoxal phosphate in the body?
What is the primary role of pyridoxal phosphate in the body?
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Which of the following foods is NOT a natural source of vitamin B6?
Which of the following foods is NOT a natural source of vitamin B6?
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What is a key deficiency symptom associated with pantothenic acid, although rare?
What is a key deficiency symptom associated with pantothenic acid, although rare?
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What process occurs after the removal of phosphate from vitamin B6 before absorption?
What process occurs after the removal of phosphate from vitamin B6 before absorption?
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How does vitamin B6 assist in maintaining normal blood sugar levels during low caloric intake?
How does vitamin B6 assist in maintaining normal blood sugar levels during low caloric intake?
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Study Notes
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
- A peptide substance, consisting of pantoic acid (α,γ dihydroxy-β-dimethyl butyric acid) connected to β-alanine via an amide linkage.
- Can exist as a calcium salt or an alcohol form ("Pantothenol").
- Part of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein (ACP).
Formation of Coenzyme A (CoA)
- Pantothenate Kinase phosphorylates pantothenic acid using ATP, forming 4-phosphopantothenic acid.
- 4-phosphopantothenic acid reacts with cysteine, releasing the carboxyl group, to form 4-phosphopantetheine.
- 4-phosphopantetheine can be used to produce CoA or ACP (acyl carrier protein).
Natural Sources of Vitamin B5
- Animal sources: liver, kidney, heart, milk, and milk products (cheese, yogurt, butter).
- Plant sources: cereals, honey, molasses, and yeast.
Vitamin B5 Daily Requirements
- Adults (over 4 years old): 10 mg/day.
- Children (under 4 years old): 5 mg/day.
- Infants: 3 mg/day.
Vitamin B5 Deficiency
- Rare in healthy individuals due to widespread distribution in foods.
- Deficiency may lead to paresthesia (tingling, prickling, or numbness in the skin.).
Vitamin B5 Uses
- Treat and prevent deficiency.
- Supplements for inadequate diets.
- Used for diabetic neuropathy and arthritis.
- Topical use (dexpanthenol) for burns, itching, and irritation
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Pyridoxine, also known as pyridoxol, is a 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) pyridine.
- Primary produced by plants but found in animal foods.
- Four physiologically active forms of Vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 Daily Requirements
- Males (15 years and older): 2.0 mg/day.
- Females (19 years and older): 1.6 mg/day.
- Pregnant women: 2.2 mg/day.
- Lactating women: 2.1 mg/day.
Vitamin B6 Deficiency Causes
- Poor diet, inadequate intake.
- Pregnancy, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and alcoholism (increased requirement).
- Infants breastfed by mothers who have long-term oral contraceptive use.
Vitamin B6 Deficiency Symptoms
- Skin: Dermatitis.
- Stomach: Stomatitis.
- Tongue: Glossitis.
- Mouth: Inflammation of mucous lining.
- Neurological: Depression, confusion.
- Blood: Anemia (sideroblastic).
- Alimentary: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, especially in pregnant women.
Vitamin B6 Uses
- Deficiency treatment and prevention.
- Improving some CNS conditions.
- Treatment of acne, kidney stones, and premenstrual syndrome.
Vitamin B6 Interactions
- Certain medications (e.g., isoniazid, cycloserine, penicillamine, certain oral contraceptives, and chloramphenicol) can increase the excretion of vitamin B6 or interfere with activity.
Role of Vitamin B6 in Metabolism of Amino Acids
- Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form in tissues.
- Critical in over 100 enzyme reactions for amino acid metabolism.
- Its role includes the reactions of transamination, decarboxylation, dehydration, S-desulfhydrases, and transulfurases.
Role of Vitamin B6 in Glycogenolysis
- PLP forms a Schiff base with the E-amino group of glycogen phosphorylase.
- Important in maintaining normal blood glucose levels, especially during low caloric intake.
- Involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.
Role of Vitamin B6 in Other Systems
- Essential for proper nervous system and immune system function.
- Important in tryptophan conversion to niacin.
- Participates in the metabolism of red blood cells.
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Description
Explore the essential details about Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid), its role in forming Coenzyme A, and its natural sources. This quiz discusses daily requirements and the implications of deficiency in healthy individuals. Test your knowledge on this crucial vitamin and its biological significance.
