Vitamin B12

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What are the cells that make free radicals in infections?

Neutrophils

What is the enzyme responsible for producing free radicals in Neutrophils?

NADPH oxidase

What happens to calcium and phosphorus levels in Hyperparathyroidism?

Calcium will go up, phosphorus will go down

What are the common symptoms of pancreatitis?

Moans and groans (severe abdominal pain) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Pseudotumor cerebri?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Intracellular calcium is needed for all muscle contraction, while smooth muscle uses extracellular calcium for second messenger systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which membranes use calcium to depolarize?

The atrium and thalamus are the only membranes that use calcium to depolarize. Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical correlation of calcium deficiency in babies in utero?

Babies in utero need calcium for the release of neurotransmitters. If not, they may be born with mental retardation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of magnesium in the body?

Magnesium is a cofactor for all kinases, which make and use negatively charged ATP. It also interacts with potassium in the early distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical correlation of zinc deficiency?

Zinc deficiency may lead to dysgeusia and can affect the hair, skin, sperm, and taste buds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended INR range for patients taking Warfarin?

The recommended INR range for patients taking Warfarin is 2 to 3 times the normal value. Signup and view all the answers

When should Warfarin be given for a first-time venous clot with a known cause?

Warfarin should be given for 3 months for a first-time venous clot with a known cause. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of genetic spontaneous venous clot formation?

The most common cause of genetic spontaneous venous clot formation is Factor V Leiden Mutation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Heparin administered before Warfarin?

Heparin is administered before Warfarin because it activates antithrombin III, providing immediate protection against clot formation while Warfarin takes time to block Factor VII. Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of Heparin?

The side effects of Heparin include bleeding, hyperlipidemia, and Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vitamin B12 in the body?

Vitamin B12 is needed by two enzymes: Homocysteine methyltransferase and Methyl malonyl-CoA mutase. It is also used to recycle odd-numbered carbon fatty acids and to make tetrahydrofolate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency include megaloblastic anemia, hyper segmented neutrophils, and neuropathy, especially involving the dorsal column pathways and corticospinal tracts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency in the US?

The most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency in the US is pernicious anemia, which is a type of gastritis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Vitamin C in the body?

Vitamin C is used for hydroxylation and is the main antioxidant in the GI system. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency?

Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency include scurvy and bleeding from hair follicles and gums. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

Riboflavin is used in cofactors, like FAD, and is best sourced from milk. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of niacin deficiency?

Niacin deficiency can cause pellagra, which is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of niacin in the body?

Niacin is necessary for cofactors like NAD, NADH, NADP, and NADPH, and is needed by enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for acute gout?

The most effective treatment for acute gout is colchicine, which blocks microtubules. Indomethacin is also commonly used. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency?

Pyridoxine deficiency can cause neuropathy. Chronic neuropathy/pain can be managed with amitriptyline (a TCA) or gabapentin, depending on the presence of heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes?

To help create energy (through all the pathways). If the vitamin, mineral or trace element is missing, it will lead to a low energy state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vitamin A?

Vitamin A is a cofactor for parathyroid hormone function. It stimulates osteoclastic activity (calcium increases, phosphorus decreases). Whenever PTH is involved, serum calcium and phosphorus will go in opposite directions. Calcium and the hormone always go in the same direction (except in pseudo). If the calcium and phosphorus go in the same direction, the problem is a vitamin D issue. It is also used for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and epithelial cell maturation (anywhere), especially hair, skin, and eyes. Its most unique function is night vision. It also acts as a mild antioxidant. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical correlations of Vitamin A?

Vitamin A is used for the maturity of cells in conditions such as measles (regeneration of epithelium of the lung), cancer (T15/17), infections that destroy cells, and burn patients. Signup and view all the answers

What do antioxidants do?

Antioxidants eat up free radicals, which are made of oxygen and are high energy molecules. Free radicals can pierce the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and DNA, causing cells to either die or mutate. If cells mutate, they may cause cancer. For example, cancer can occur after radiation therapy due to free radical production. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of free radical formation?

Virus Signup and view all the answers