Vitamin B12

Neutrophils

NADPH oxidase

Calcium will go up, phosphorus will go down

<p>Moans and groans (severe abdominal pain)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular calcium is needed for all muscle contraction, while smooth muscle uses extracellular calcium for second messenger systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atrium and thalamus are the only membranes that use calcium to depolarize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babies in utero need calcium for the release of neurotransmitters. If not, they may be born with mental retardation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium is a cofactor for all kinases, which make and use negatively charged ATP. It also interacts with potassium in the early distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc deficiency may lead to dysgeusia and can affect the hair, skin, sperm, and taste buds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The recommended INR range for patients taking Warfarin is 2 to 3 times the normal value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin should be given for 3 months for a first-time venous clot with a known cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common cause of genetic spontaneous venous clot formation is Factor V Leiden Mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin is administered before Warfarin because it activates antithrombin III, providing immediate protection against clot formation while Warfarin takes time to block Factor VII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The side effects of Heparin include bleeding, hyperlipidemia, and Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B12 is needed by two enzymes: Homocysteine methyltransferase and Methyl malonyl-CoA mutase. It is also used to recycle odd-numbered carbon fatty acids and to make tetrahydrofolate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency include megaloblastic anemia, hyper segmented neutrophils, and neuropathy, especially involving the dorsal column pathways and corticospinal tracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency in the US is pernicious anemia, which is a type of gastritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C is used for hydroxylation and is the main antioxidant in the GI system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency include scurvy and bleeding from hair follicles and gums.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Riboflavin is used in cofactors, like FAD, and is best sourced from milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niacin deficiency can cause pellagra, which is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niacin is necessary for cofactors like NAD, NADH, NADP, and NADPH, and is needed by enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most effective treatment for acute gout is colchicine, which blocks microtubules. Indomethacin is also commonly used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyridoxine deficiency can cause neuropathy. Chronic neuropathy/pain can be managed with amitriptyline (a TCA) or gabapentin, depending on the presence of heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help create energy (through all the pathways). If the vitamin, mineral or trace element is missing, it will lead to a low energy state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A is a cofactor for parathyroid hormone function. It stimulates osteoclastic activity (calcium increases, phosphorus decreases). Whenever PTH is involved, serum calcium and phosphorus will go in opposite directions. Calcium and the hormone always go in the same direction (except in pseudo). If the calcium and phosphorus go in the same direction, the problem is a vitamin D issue. It is also used for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and epithelial cell maturation (anywhere), especially hair, skin, and eyes. Its most unique function is night vision. It also acts as a mild antioxidant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A is used for the maturity of cells in conditions such as measles (regeneration of epithelium of the lung), cancer (T15/17), infections that destroy cells, and burn patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antioxidants eat up free radicals, which are made of oxygen and are high energy molecules. Free radicals can pierce the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, and DNA, causing cells to either die or mutate. If cells mutate, they may cause cancer. For example, cancer can occur after radiation therapy due to free radical production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers