Questions and Answers
What are the two types of vitamin D precursors?
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Which vitamin acts like a hormone or pro-hormone?
Vitamin D
What is the function of Vitamin E with respect to fatty acids?
Prevents lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin D in adults?
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What are the compounds included in the group of Vitamin E compounds?
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How is Vitamin D synthesized in the body?
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Which mineral is most likely to be deficient in individuals with low growth and physical development?
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Which trace element plays a role in chelating amino acids and is essential for protein synthesis?
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Which mineral is primarily responsible for the development of a goiter?
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Which trace element is deficient in individuals with a genetic disorder called Acrodermatitis enteropathica?
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Which mineral is primarily absorbed by an ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump in the body?
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Which trace element is involved in the production of metallothionein, a protein responsible for metal ion homeostasis?
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Which of the following groups of B vitamins are involved in hematopoietic (blood cell) functions?
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Which of the following is NOT a B vitamin?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB)?
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Which of the following genes is associated with Vitamin K Clotting Factor Deficiencies (VKCFD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for low vitamin K?
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Which of the following is a B vitamin that plays a role in energy-releasing metabolism?
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Study Notes
Iron Deficiency
- Most at risk: pregnant women and infants
- Effects: anemia, fatigue, weakness, pale skin
- Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide
Iodine Deficiency
- Effects: goiter, hypothyroidism, low growth and physical development
- Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and brain development
Zinc Deficiency
- Effects: growth retardation, impaired wound healing, weakened immune system
- Zinc is an essential mineral that acts as a cofactor for many enzymes
Copper Deficiency
- Effects: impaired connective tissue formation, anemia, weakened immune system
- Copper is essential for the production of hemoglobin and connective tissue
Calcium Metabolism
- Calcium is essential for bone health and muscle function
- Regulated by vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
- Absorption of calcium requires vitamin D and a receptor-mediated process
Vitamin K Deficiency
- Effects: bleeding disorders, particularly in newborns
- Risk factors: breastfeeding, malabsorption syndromes, and certain medications
- Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health
Vitamin B Complex
- Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3) are essential for energy production
- Folic acid (B9), Cobalamin (B12) are essential for hematopoiesis
- Pyridoxine (B6) is essential for various bodily functions
Vitamin D Metabolism
- Precursors: Provitamin-D (Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol)
- Synthesized in skin when exposed to sunlight
- Acts like a hormone, regulating calcium levels and bone health
- Deficiency leads to rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis
Vitamin E Functions
- Antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative damage
- Essential for protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation
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